Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dyḗws

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From earlier *dyéws,^[1] from *dyew- (“sky, heaven”) +‎ *-s (root nominal suffix).

Noun

*dyḗws m (oblique stem *diw-)

sky, heaven
sky god, Dyeus

Inflection

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*dyḗws
genitive	*diwés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dyḗws	*dyéwh₁(e)	*dyéwes
vocative	*dyéw	*dyéwh₁(e)	*dyéwes
accusative	*dyḗm	*dyéwh₁(e)	*dyéwm̥s
genitive	*diwés	*?	*diwóHom
ablative	*diwés	*?	dyumós, dyubʰós
dative	*diwéy	*?	dyumós, dyubʰós
locative	dyéw, dyéwi	*?	*dyusú
instrumental	*diwéh₁	*?	dyumís, dyubʰís

Notes:

Acc. sg. dyḗm (< *dyéw-m per Stang's law).
Nom. sg. dyḗws (with ē from acc. case).
For the name of the deity, *ph₂tḗr (“father”) is often added as an apposition, which inflects as well.

Compare with the attested Sanskrit forms

दिवः (diváḥ) (Sanskrit), द्योः (dyóḥ, abl/gen.sg.) (Sanskrit)
दिवा (divā́) (Sanskrit), दीवा (dīvā, instr.sg.) (Sanskrit)
दिवि (diví) (Sanskrit), द्यवि (dyávi, loc.sg.) (Sanskrit)
दिवे (dive) (Sanskrit), द्यवे (dyave, dat.sg.) (Sanskrit)
द्याम् (dyā́m) (Sanskrit), दिवम् (dívam, acc.sg.) (Sanskrit)
द्यावः (dyā́vaḥ) (Sanskrit), दिवः (divaḥ, nom.pl.) (Sanskrit)
द्यावा (dyāvā, nom.du.) (Sanskrit)
द्युभिस् (dyúbhis, instr.pl.))
द्यून् (dyū́n) (Sanskrit), दिवः (dívaḥ) (Sanskrit), दिवः (diváḥ, acc.pl.) (Sanskrit)
द्यौः (dyàuḥ, voc.sg.) (Sanskrit)
द्यौः (dyáuḥ, nom.sg.) (Sanskrit)

Usage notes

Some authors gloss this word as “day sky” or “day-sky god”, assuming (based on Indo-European mythology) that Proto-Indo-European distinguished terms for the night sky and its associated deity.^[2]

Descendants

Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒅆𒄿𒌑𒍑 (ši-i-ú-uš)
- >? Urartian: 𒀭𒅆𒄿𒌑𒄿𒉌 (^dši-i-u₂-i-ni).
Proto-Armenian: *tiw-
- Old Armenian: տիւ (tiw)
Proto-Celtic: *dyīus (“day”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *Dzéus (“sky god, Zeus”) (see there for further descendants)
Albanian: Zojz
Messapic: Zis
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyā́wš (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *djous (see there for further descendants)
Lusitanian:
- →? Latin: *Reus
  - Latin: Reo (“Lusitanian theonym”, dative singular)
→ English: Dyeus

Derived terms

*dyḗws-ph₂tḗr
- Proto-Hellenic: *dzéu patér (< vocative *dyéw-ph₂tér)
  - Ancient Greek: Ζεῦ πάτερ (Zeû páter)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyā́wš-pHtā́
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dyā́wṣ-pHtā́
    - Vedic Sanskrit: द्यौष्पितृ (dyáuṣ-pitṛ́)
- Proto-Italic: *djous patēr (see there for further descendants)
*dyḗws-átta
- >? Proto-Albanian: *dźie̅u ̊ a(t)t-
  - Albanian: zot^[3]

References

^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 337
^ Calin, Didier (2017) “sky (/skies)”, in Dictionary of Indo-European Poetic and Religious Themes (Linguistique; 3), Les Cent Chemins, →ISBN, page 205: “DAY SKY GOD — as opposed to the Night Sky God”; cf. s.v. “Night Sky god”, pp. 165–167
^ Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, pages 431-2

[1] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 337

[2] Calin, Didier (2017) “sky (/skies)”, in Dictionary of Indo-European Poetic and Religious Themes (Linguistique; 3), Les Cent Chemins, →ISBN, page 205: “DAY SKY GOD — as opposed to the Night Sky God”; cf. s.v. “Night Sky god”, pp. 165–167

[3] Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, pages 431-2

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