Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-s
Proto-Indo-European
Nominal suffixes
Suffix
*(é)-s f[1]
- Derives feminine mobile-accented root nouns from roots.
Inflection
| Athematic, hysterokinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *(é)-s | ||
| genitive | *(Ø)-és | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *(é)-s | *(é)-h₁(e) | *(é)-es |
| vocative | *(é)- | *(é)-h₁(e) | *(é)-es |
| accusative | *(é)-m̥ | *(é)-h₁(e) | *(é)-m̥s |
| genitive | *(Ø)-és | *? | *(Ø)-óHom |
| ablative | *(Ø)-és | *? | *(Ø)-mós, *(Ø)-bʰós |
| dative | *(Ø)-éy | *? | *(Ø)-mós, *(Ø)-bʰós |
| locative | *(é)-, *(é)-i | *? | *(Ø)-sú |
| instrumental | *(Ø)-éh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-mís, *(Ø)-bʰís |
Derived terms
Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-s (hysterokinetic)
Suffix
*(ó)-s f[1]
- Derives feminine acrostatic root nouns from roots.
Inflection
| Athematic, acrostatic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *(ó)-s | ||
| genitive | *(é)-s | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *(ó)-s | *(ó)-h₁(e) | *(ó)-es |
| vocative | *(ó)- | *(ó)-h₁(e) | *(ó)-es |
| accusative | *(ó)-m̥ | *(ó)-h₁(e) | *(ó)-m̥s |
| genitive | *(é)-s | *? | *(é)-oHom |
| ablative | *(é)-s | *? | *(é)-mos, *(é)-bʰos |
| dative | *(é)-ey | *? | *(é)-mos, *(é)-bʰos |
| locative | *(é)-, *(é)-i | *? | *(é)-su |
| instrumental | *(é)-h₁ | *? | *(é)-mis, *(é)-bʰis |
Derived terms
Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-s (acrostatic)
Suffix
- Derives neuter Narten-type acrostatic root nouns from roots.
Inflection
| Athematic, acrostatic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *(ḗ)-s | ||
| genitive | *(é)-os | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *(ḗ)-s | *(é)-h₁(e) | *(é)-es |
| vocative | *(é)- | *(é)-h₁(e) | *(é)-es |
| accusative | *(é)-m̥ | *(é)-h₁(e) | *(é)-m̥s |
| genitive | *(é)-os | *? | *(é)-ooHom |
| ablative | *(é)-os | *? | *(é)-omos, *(é)-obʰos |
| dative | *(é)-oey | *? | *(é)-omos, *(é)-obʰos |
| locative | *(é)-o, *(é)-oy | *? | *(é)-osu |
| instrumental | *(é)-oh₁ | *? | *(é)-omis, *(é)-obʰis |
Derived terms
Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-s (lengthened acrostatic)
Suffix
- Derives masculine acrostatic root nouns with lengthened o-grade nominative singular from roots.
Inflection
| Athematic, amphikinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *(ṓ)-s | ||
| genitive | *(e)-és | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *(ṓ)-s | *(ó)-h₁(e) | *(ó)-es |
| vocative | *(ó)- | *(ó)-h₁(e) | *(ó)-es |
| accusative | *(ó)-m̥ | *(ó)-h₁(e) | *(ó)-m̥s |
| genitive | *(e)-és | *? | *(e)-óHom |
| ablative | *(e)-és | *? | *(e)-mós, *(e)-bʰós |
| dative | *(e)-éy | *? | *(e)-mós, *(e)-bʰós |
| locative | *(ó)-, *(ó)-i | *? | *(e)-sú |
| instrumental | *(e)-éh₁ | *? | *(e)-mís, *(e)-bʰís |
Derived terms
Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-s (amphikinetic)
Descendants
Adverbial suffix
*-s[3]
- Forms adverbs from roots and (pleonastically) from other adverbs.
Derived terms
Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-s (adverbial)
Descendants
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 47
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 334-337
- ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 1: Einleitung, Terminologie, Lautgesetze, Adverbialendungen, Nominalsuffixe, Anhänge und Indices, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 167-173