Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pṓds

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From earlier *póds, from *ped- (“to walk, to step”) +‎ *-s (root nominal suffix), with the *-ṓ- arising via the morphologisation of Szemerényi's law.

Noun

*pṓds m (oblique stem *ped-)

foot

Inflection

Athematic, acrostatic
	singular
nominative	*pṓds
genitive	*pedés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*pṓds	*pódh₁(e)	*pódes
vocative	*pód	*pódh₁(e)	*pódes
accusative	*pódm̥	*pódh₁(e)	*pódm̥s
genitive	*pedés	*?	*pedóHom
ablative	*pedés	*?	pedmós, pedbʰós
dative	*pedéy	*?	pedmós, pedbʰós
locative	péd, pédi	*?	*pedsú
instrumental	*pedéh₁	*?	pedmís, pedbʰís

The categorisation as acrostatic is based on the assumption that earlier oblique forms were in root-accented *péd-.^[1]

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *pāsi (from locative plural *pḗdsu)^[2]
- Albanian: përposh, poshtë
Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒄊𒀸 (GÌR-aš /⁠*padas⁠/)
- Lycian: 𐊓𐊁𐊅𐊁 (pede)
- Luwian: 𒉺𒋫𒀀𒀸 (patās)
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ոտն (otn) (from accusative singular *pódm̥)
Proto-Celtic: *ɸūts
- Galatian: αδες (ades) (nom. pl.)
Proto-Celtic: *ɸīssu (from locative plural *pḗdsu)
- Old Irish: ís
  - ⇒ Irish: aníos, síos, thíos
  - ⇒ Scottish Gaelic: nìos, shìos, sìos
Proto-Celtic: *ɸodyā
- Celtiberian: ozas (acc. pl.)
Proto-Germanic: *fōts (see there for further descendants)
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πούς (poús)
  - Greek: πόδι (pódi)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pā́ts (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *pets
- Latin: pēs (see there for further descendants)
- Umbrian: 𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌄 (peře)^[3] (abl. sg.)
Phrygian: ποδας (podas, acc.pl.)
Proto-Tocharian: *pei (from dual *pódh₁e)
- Tocharian A: pe
- Tocharian B: paiyye

References

^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 45
^ Matzinger, Joachim (2017–2018) “Chapter XV: Albanian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Albanian, page 1791
^ Buck, Carl (1904) A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian, Ginn & Co, page 19

[1] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 45

[2] Matzinger, Joachim (2017–2018) “Chapter XV: Albanian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Albanian, page 1791

[3] Buck, Carl (1904) A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian, Ginn & Co, page 19

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