|
|
This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
|
Proto-Indo-European
Adjective
*HéHḱus[1][2]
- swift, quick
Inflection
| Athematic, proterokinetic
|
|
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
| nominative
|
*HéHḱus
|
*HHḱéwih₂
|
| genitive
|
*HHḱéws
|
*HHḱuyéh₂s
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*HéHḱus
|
*HéHḱuh₁(e)
|
*HéHḱewes
|
| vocative
|
*HéHḱu
|
*HéHḱuh₁(e)
|
*HéHḱewes
|
| accusative
|
*HéHḱum
|
*HéHḱuh₁(e)
|
*HéHḱums
|
| genitive
|
*HHḱéws
|
*?
|
*HHḱéwoHom
|
| ablative
|
*HHḱéws
|
*?
|
*HHḱúmos, *HHḱúbʰos
|
| dative
|
*HHḱéwey
|
*?
|
*HHḱúmos, *HHḱúbʰos
|
| locative
|
*HHḱéw, *HHḱéwi
|
*?
|
*HHḱúsu
|
| instrumental
|
*HHḱúh₁
|
*?
|
*HHḱúmis, *HHḱúbʰis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*HHḱéwih₂
|
*HHḱéwih₂h₁(e)
|
*HHḱéwih₂es
|
| vocative
|
*HHḱéwih₂
|
*HHḱéwih₂h₁(e)
|
*HHḱéwih₂es
|
| accusative
|
*HHḱéwih₂m̥
|
*HHḱéwih₂h₁(e)
|
*HHḱéwih₂m̥s
|
| genitive
|
*HHḱuyéh₂s
|
*?
|
*HHḱuyéh₂oHom
|
| ablative
|
*HHḱuyéh₂s
|
*?
|
*HHḱuyéh₂mos, *HHḱuyéh₂bʰos
|
| dative
|
*HHḱuyéh₂ey
|
*?
|
*HHḱuyéh₂mos, *HHḱuyéh₂bʰos
|
| locative
|
*HHḱuyéh₂, *HHḱuyéh₂i
|
*?
|
*HHḱuyéh₂su
|
| instrumental
|
*HHḱuyéh₂h₁
|
*?
|
*HHḱuyéh₂mis, *HHḱuyéh₂bʰis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*HéHḱu
|
*HéHḱwih₁
|
*HéHḱuh₂
|
| vocative
|
*HéHḱu
|
*HéHḱwih₁
|
*HéHḱuh₂
|
| accusative
|
*HéHḱu
|
*HéHḱwih₁
|
*HéHḱuh₂
|
| genitive
|
*HHḱéws
|
*?
|
*HHḱéwoHom
|
| ablative
|
*HHḱéws
|
*?
|
*HHḱúmos, *HHḱúbʰos
|
| dative
|
*HHḱéwey
|
*?
|
*HHḱúmos, *HHḱúbʰos
|
| locative
|
*HHḱéw, *HHḱéwi
|
*?
|
*HHḱúsu
|
| instrumental
|
*HHḱúh₁
|
*?
|
*HHḱúmis, *HHḱúbʰis
|
Alternative reconstructions
Reconstruction notes
- The common reconstruction *h₁óh₁ḱus relies on an assumption that this adjective is related to *h₁éḱwos (“horse”).[6] Zair dismisses this reconstruction for requiring an unparalleled o-grade for an *-us adjective, and prefers to leave the laryngeals unknown.
- If the *h₁óh₁ḱus is not reconstructed, then at least one of the laryngeals must be *h₃ and neither of them can be *h₂.[1][2]
Derived terms
- *H(é)Hḱu-péth₂r- (“swift-winged”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *astrębъ (see there for further descendants)[4]
- Ancient Greek: ὠκύπτερος (ōkúpteros), Ancient Greek: ὠκῠπέτης (ōkŭpétēs)
- Proto-Italic: *akupetris
- Sanskrit: आशुपत्वन् (āśupátvan)
Descendants
- Proto-Celtic: *ākus
- ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dīākus (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ὠκύς (ōkús)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HaHćúš
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HaHśúṣ
- Proto-Iranian: *HaHcús
- Proto-Italic: *ōkus
- Latin: ōcior, ōcissimus (from the comparative and superlative)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 25
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 77
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1677-1678
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “*às(ъ)trę̄bъ; *às(ъ)trě̄bъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 29: “m. o (a) ‘hawk’”
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*dī-ākV-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 97-98
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ōcior”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 424