Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂nḗr

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Noun

    *h₂nḗr m[1]

    1. man
    2. power, force, vital energy

    Inflection

    Athematic, hysterokinetic
    singular
    nominative *h₂nḗr
    genitive *h₂n̥rés
    singular dual plural
    nominative *h₂nḗr *h₂nérh₁(e) *h₂néres
    vocative *h₂nér *h₂nérh₁(e) *h₂néres
    accusative *h₂nérm̥ *h₂nérh₁(e) *h₂nérm̥s
    genitive *h₂n̥rés *? *h₂n̥róHom
    ablative *h₂n̥rés *? *h₂nr̥mós, *h₂nr̥bʰós
    dative *h₂n̥réy *? *h₂nr̥mós, *h₂nr̥bʰós
    locative *h₂nér, *h₂néri *? *h₂nr̥sú
    instrumental *h₂n̥réh₁ *? *h₂nr̥mís, *h₂nr̥bʰís
    • Note: an alternative form, *éh₂nōr, and feminine derivation, *h₂nerih₂, are seen in many Ancient Greek compounds (i.e. -ήνωρ and -άνειρα), probably reanalysed from archaic compounds.

    Derived terms

    • *h₂ner-to- (“virile, strong”)
      • Proto-Celtic: *nertom (“strength”) (see there for further descendants)

    Descendants

    • Proto-Albanian: *nera (see there for further descendants)
    • Anatolian:
      • Hittite: 𒅔𒈾𒊏𒉿𒀭𒋫 (innarawant-)
      • Luwian: 𒀭𒅈𒌝𒈪 (ānnara/i, “forceful, virile”)
      • Lydian: 𐤫𐤵𐤭𐤮 (nãrs)
    • Armenian: *aynr < *anir
      • Old Armenian: այր (ayr); առն (aṙn, gen.sg.) < *h₂n̥rós
      • Old Armenian: (?) այրի (ayri, “husbandless”) < *n̥-Hnēr-yeh₂
    • (perhaps, though Derksen does not support this) Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: nóras (“will”)
      • Old Prussian: nertien (“anger”)
      • Proto-Slavic: *norvъ (“custom, manner”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Messapic: 𐌍𐌄𐌓 (ner)
    • Proto-Celtic: *neros, with thematicized full-grade leveled from *h₂nérm̥ (accusative singular)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *anḗr (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnā́ (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *nēr (see there for further descendants)
    • Phrygian: αναρ (anar)

    References

    1. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
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