Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/nér

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

With suffix *-ér ~ *-r; the first element is unclear.[1]

Adverb

*nér[1][2]

  1. below the surface, below
    Antonym: *sér

Reconstruction notes

Descendants only occur in derivations, except perhaps the suffix in Old Latin ollaner.

Sometimes reconstructed with initial *h₁- because of Greek forms like ἐνέρτερος (enérteros),[3] but the absence of initial vowel in Armenian ներքին (nerkʻin) suggests this was a later Greek development.[2]

Derived terms

  • *nér-tero-s
    • Proto-Germanic:
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: νέρτερος (nérteros), ἐνέρτερος (enérteros)
    • Proto-Italic: *nerteros (“left”)
      • Oscan: 𐌍𐌄𐌓𐌕𐌓𐌀𐌊 (nertrak, abl. sg.)
      • Umbrian: nertru (abl. sg.), (with postposition) 𐌍𐌄𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌊𐌖 (netruku), nertruco
  • *ner-ó-s[1]
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: ἔνεροι (éneroi, “those beneath the earth”) (contaminated with *h₁én)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • ⇒ Sanskrit: नरक (naráka, “hell”)
    • ⇒ *nḗr-o-s (vriddhi derivation)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • ⇒ Lithuanian: nėrōvė (“water nymph”)
      • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • ⇒ Sanskrit: नारक (nā́raka, nāraká, “hellish”)
  • *nér-dʰe
  • *ner-yo-
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: νειρή (neirḗ, “abdomen”)
  • *nor-o- (“cave”)[1]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • >? Proto-Hellenic:
      • ⇒ Ancient Greek: νῶροψ (nôrops) (epitheton of "bronze", of unknown meaning,[4] Dunkel tentatively suggests "worked at in a cave", compare Latin opus for the second element)
Unsorted formations
  • ⇒ Old Armenian: ներքին (nerkʻin), ներքս (nerkʻs)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: (the acute accent in Lithuanian could be secondary like in vérti[1])
    • Lithuanian: nérti
    • Proto-Slavic: *nerti (“to dive”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *nurþraz (from zero grade; meaning either from "region where the sun is below (the earth)" or from "left side of someone who turns to the east when praying"[2]) (see there for further descendants)
  • >? Tocharian B: ñor (“below”)

Descendants

  • >? Proto-Italic: *-ner
    • Old Latin: -ner (in ollaner (“that one (fem.) below”))

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*nér 'unter der Oberfläche, unterhalb'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 554-558
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἔνερθε(ν)”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 424: “*ner-(ter-o-)”
  3. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*nurþera-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 393
  4. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “νῶροψ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1031

Further reading

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