Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/nurþraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *(h₁)nŕ̥t(e)ros, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nér (“under (the surface)”). Compare Tocharian B ñor (“below”), Ancient Greek ἐνέρτερος (enérteros), νέρτερος (nérteros, “below (the earth)”), Umbrian nertru (“left”).^[1]

The meaning developed either from "region where the sun is below (the earth)" or from "left side of someone who turns to the east when praying".^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈnur.θrɑz/

Adjective

*nurþraz (comparative *nurþrōzô, superlative *nurþrōstaz)

north, northern

Inflection

Declension of *nurþraz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*nurþraz	*nurþrō	*nurþrą, -atō	*nurþrai	*nurþrôz	*nurþrō
accusative	*nurþranǭ	*nurþrǭ	*nurþrą, -atō	*nurþranz	*nurþrōz	*nurþrō
genitive	*nurþras, -is	*nurþraizōz	*nurþras, -is	*nurþraizǫ̂	*nurþraizǫ̂	*nurþraizǫ̂
dative	*nurþrammai	*nurþraizōi	*nurþrammai	*nurþraimaz	*nurþraimaz	*nurþraimaz
instrumental	*nurþranō	*nurþraizō	*nurþranō	*nurþraimiz	*nurþraimiz	*nurþraimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*nurþrô	*nurþrǭ	*nurþrô	*nurþraniz	*nurþrōniz	*nurþrōnō
accusative	*nurþranų	*nurþrōnų	*nurþrô	*nurþranunz	*nurþrōnunz	*nurþrōnō
genitive	*nurþriniz	*nurþrōniz	*nurþriniz	*nurþranǫ̂	*nurþrōnǫ̂	*nurþranǫ̂
dative	*nurþrini	*nurþrōni	*nurþrini	*nurþrammaz	*nurþrōmaz	*nurþrammaz
instrumental	*nurþrinē	*nurþrōnē	*nurþrinē	*nurþrammiz	*nurþrōmiz	*nurþrammiz

Derived terms

Coordinate terms

compass points: ^[edit]

	*nurþraz
*westraz		*austraz
	*sunþraz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *norþr
- Old English: norþ
  - Middle English: north, norþ, northe, norþe, norrþ
    - English: north
    - Scots: north
    - Yola: nordh, noardth
  - → Old French: nort (see there for further descendants)
- Old Frisian: north
- Old Saxon: *northar, *nordar
  - Middle Low German: nōrder, narder
- Old High German: *nordar
  - Middle High German: norder
Old Norse: norðr
- Icelandic: norður
- Faroese: norður
- Norn: nord
- Norwegian Nynorsk: nord, norder-
- Old Swedish: nor
  - Swedish: norr, nord (influenced by Dutch or Low German)
- Danish: nord
  - Norwegian Bokmål: nord
- Gutnish: nådar, nårdar

Adverb

*nurþraz (comparative *nurþrōz, superlative *nurþrōst)

north, northward

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *norþr
- Old English: norþ
  - Middle English: north
    - English: north
    - Scots: north
    - Yola: nordh
- Old Frisian: *north
  - West Frisian: noard
- Old Saxon: north
- Old Dutch: *north
  - Middle Dutch: nort
    - Dutch: noord
      - Afrikaans: noord
      - Negerhollands: noord
      - → Papiamentu: nort, nòrt, noord
    - Limburgish: naord
- Old High German: *nordar
  - Middle High German: norder
Old Norse: norðr
- Icelandic: norður
- Faroese: norður
- Old Swedish: nor
  - Swedish: norr
- Danish: nord

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*nurþera-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 393
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἔνερθε(ν)”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 424

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*nurþera-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 393

[2] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἔνερθε(ν)”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 424

[1]

[2]