Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/ćŕ̥Has

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱŕ̥h₂-os ~ ḱŕ̥h₂-es-, from *ḱerh₂- (“head, top; horn”).

Noun

*ćŕ̥Has n^[1]

head, top

Inflection

neuter as-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ćŕ̥Has	*ćŕ̥HasiH	*ćŕ̥Hās
vocative	*ćŕ̥Has	*ćŕ̥HasiH	*ćŕ̥Hās
accusative	*ćŕ̥Has	*ćŕ̥HasiH	*ćŕ̥Hās
instrumental	*ćŕ̥HasaH	*ćŕ̥Hazbʰyā(m)	*ćŕ̥Hazbʰiš
ablative	*ćŕ̥Hasas	*ćŕ̥Hazbʰyā(m)	*ćŕ̥Hazbʰyas
dative	*ćŕ̥Hasay	*ćŕ̥Hazbʰyā(m)	*ćŕ̥Hazbʰyas
genitive	*ćŕ̥Hasas	*ćŕ̥HasHās	*ćŕ̥HasaHam
locative	*ćŕ̥Hasi	*ćŕ̥HasHaw	*ćŕ̥Hasu

Derived terms

*prá ćŕ̥Has (“front of the head”)
- Proto-Nuristani: *praćíra (“above”)
  - Northern Nuristani:
    - Kamkata-viri:
      Kamviri: paćéř

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śŕ̥Has
- Sanskrit: शिरस् (śíras)
  - Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀲𑀺𑀭 (sira)
    - Awadhi: सिर (sir)
  - Dardic:
    - Kashmiri: [script needed] (hīrü)
    - Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (šīr)
  - Helu Prakrit:
    - Sinhalese: සිර (sira)
  - Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀲𑀺𑀭 (sira)
    - Assamese: সিৰ (xir)
    - Bengali: শির (śir)
    - Maithili: सिर (sir)
    - Odia: ସିର (sira)
  - Pali: siras
  - Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀲𑀺𑀭 (sira)
    - Garhwali: सिर (sir)
    - Gujarati: સિર (sir)
    - Hindustani:
      - Hindi: सिर (sir)
      - Urdu: سر (sir)
    - Kumaoni: सिर (sir)
    - Nepali: सिर (sira)
    - Punjabi: ਸਿਰ (sir), سر (sir)
    - Romani: śero, shero (Anglicized), šero (Pan-Vlax)
      - → Hungarian: séró
Proto-Iranian: *cŕ̥Hah^[2]
- Central Iranian:
  - Avestan: 𐬯𐬁𐬭𐬀 (sāra)
- Northeastern Iranian:
  - Ossetian: сӕр (sær)
  - Sogdian: [script needed] (sr-)
- Northwestern Iranian:
  - Kurdish:
    Central Kurdish: سەر (ser, “head”)
    
    Northern Kurdish: ser (“head”)
  - Parachi: sȫr
  - Parthian:
    Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫡 (sr /⁠sar⁠/)
    
    Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭓𐭉𐭔𐭀 (RYŠʾ /⁠sar⁠/)
- Southwestern Iranian:
  - Middle Persian:
    Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫡 (sr /⁠sar⁠/)
    
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (sl /⁠sar⁠/)
    
    Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭫𐭥𐭩𐭱𐭤 (LOYŠE /⁠sar⁠/)
    - Persian: سر (sar)
      - → Hindustani:
        → Hindi: सर (sar)
        → Urdu: سر (sar)
      - → Ottoman Turkish: سر (ser)
        > Turkish: ser (inherited)
        → Arabic: سَر (sar)
      - →? Pashto: سر (sar)
    - → Old Armenian: *սար- (*sar-, “head, master”)
- → Old Armenian: կախարդա-սար (kaxarda-sar), սաղ-աւարտ (sał-awart)
- → Middle Armenian: Մանկա-սար (Manka-sar)
Proto-Nuristani: *ćíra
- Northern Nuristani:
  - Kamkata-viri:
    Kamviri: ćeř (“top”) (in compounds)

References

^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “śíras-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ Čong (Cheung), Dž. (2009) T. K. Salbijeva, transl., Očerki istoričeskovo razvitija osetinskovo vokalizma [Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism] (in Russian), Vladikavkaz: Izdatelʹsko-poligrafičeskoje predprijatije im. V. Gassijeva, →ISBN, pages 78, 314

[1] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “śíras-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[Cheung-2] Čong (Cheung), Dž. (2009) T. K. Salbijeva, transl., Očerki istoričeskovo razvitija osetinskovo vokalizma [Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism] (in Russian), Vladikavkaz: Izdatelʹsko-poligrafičeskoje predprijatije im. V. Gassijeva, →ISBN, pages 78, 314

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