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This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Indo-Iranian
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”).
Noun
*HástʰH n
- (anatomy) bone
Inflection
| neuter consonant stem
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singular
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dual
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plural
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| nominative
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*HástʰH
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*HástʰHiH
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*HástʰHi
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| vocative
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*HástʰH
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*HástʰHiH
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*HástʰHi
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| accusative
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*HástʰH
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*HástʰHiH
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*HástʰHi
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| instrumental
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*HástʰHaH
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*HástʰHbʰyā(m)
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*HástʰHbʰiš
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| ablative
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*HástʰHs
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*HástʰHbʰyā(m)
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*HástʰHbʰyaH
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| dative
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*HástʰHay
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*HástʰHbʰyā(m)
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*HástʰHbʰyaH
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| genitive
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*HástʰHs
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*HástʰHHās
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*HástʰHaHam
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| locative
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*HástʰH(i)
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*HástʰHHaw
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*HástʰHsu
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Descendants
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HástʰH
- Sanskrit: अस्थि॑ (ásthi)
- Dardic:
- Kalasha: aṭhí
- Khowar: استی (astī)
- Pali: atthi
- Prakrit: 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺 (atthi) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Iranian: *HástH
- Central Iranian:
- Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: هډ (haḍ, “bone, fruit stone”) (Perhaps)
- Northwestern Iranian:
- Gilaki: خش (xaš) (*asta > *ašt(a) > *haš)
- Southwestern Iranian:
- Middle Persian: (/ast/)
- Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫤 (ʾst)
- Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾst')
- Pazend script: 𐬀𐬯𐬙 (ast)
- Classical Persian: است (ast)
- Dari: است (ast)
- Iranian Persian: است (ast)
- Tajik: аст (ast)
- Lurish:
- Bakhtiari: خٱس (xas)
- Southern Luri: هٱس (has)