Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/dušHáhuš

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From *duš- (“bad”) +‎ *Háhuš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hásuš (“life, existence, being”).^[1]

Noun

*dušHáhuš m^[1]

hell

Inflection

masculine u-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dušHáhuš	*dušHáhuH	*dušHáhawah
vocative	*dušHáhaw	*dušHáhuH	*dušHáhawah
accusative	*dušHáhum	*dušHáhuH	*dušHáhunš
instrumental	*dušHáhuH	*dušHáhubʰyā(m)	*dušHáhubʰiš
ablative	*dušHáhawš	*dušHáhubʰyā(m)	*dušHáhubʰyah
dative	*dušHáhaway	*dušHáhubʰyā(m)	*dušHáhubʰyah
genitive	*dušHáhawš	*dušHáhuwāh	*dušHáhuHnaHam
locative	*dušHáhāw	*dušHáhuwaw	*dušHáhušu

Descendants

Central Iranian
- Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬊𐬲𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬎𐬨 (daožaŋhum, abl.sg.)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: doje, dojeh, dojî, duje
  
  Central Kurdish: دۆژە (doje)
- Proto-Medo-Parthian:
  - Kermanic:
    Abyanehi, Farizandi, Tarehi: dūja
    
    Naraqi: dūjax
  - Parthian:
    Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫋𐫟 (dwjx /⁠dōžax⁠/)
    - → Old Armenian: դժոխ (džox)
      - Armenian: դժոխք (džoxkʻ)
      - → Georgian: *დოჯოხი (*doǯoxi)
        Georgian: ჯოჯოხეთი (ǯoǯoxeti)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Early Middle Persian: (/⁠dušahw⁠/)
  Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dwšhw')
  
  Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭣𐭥𐭱𐭧𐭥𐭩 (dwšhwy)
  - Late Middle Persian: (/⁠dušox⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫟 (dwšx), 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫇𐫟 (dwšwx)
    
    Pazend script: 𐬛𐬋𐬲𐬀𐬑 (dōžax), 𐬛𐬋𐬰𐬀𐬑 (dōzax), 𐬛𐬋𐬘𐬀𐬑 (dōjax)
    - Classical Persian: دوزخ (dôzax)
      - → Azerbaijani: duzəx
      - → Baluchi: دوزخ (dózux)
      - → Bengali: দোজখ (dōjokh)
      - → Gurani: دۆزەخ (dōzax)
      - → Hindustani:
        → Old Hindi: दोजग (dojaga)
        → Hindi: दोज़ख़ (dozax)
        → Urdu: دوزَخ (dozax)
        → Ushojo: دوزخ
      - → Kazakh: дозақ (dozaq)
      - → Kurdish:
        Central Kurdish: دۆزەخ (dozex)
        Southern Kurdish: دووزەخ (dûzex)
      - → Ottoman Turkish: دوزخ (dûzah)
      - → Uyghur: دوزاخ (dozax)
      - → Pashto: دوزَخ (dōzax), دوږخ (doẓax)
      - → Old Punjabi: ਦੋਜਕੁ (dojaku)
        Punjabi:
        Gurmukhi script: ਦੋਜ਼ਖ਼ (dozax)
        Shahmukhi script: دوزَخ (dozax)
      - → Turkmen: dowzah
      - → Uzbek: doʻzax
      - Dari: دوزخ (duzax)
      - Iranian Persian: دوزخ (duzax)
      - Tajik: дӯзах (düzax)
      - → Baluchi: (reborrowing^[1])
        Eastern Balochi: دوزک (dōzak), دوزې (dōze)
        
        Western Balochi: دوزخ (dōzax), دوژې (dōže)
      - Kurdish:
        → Southern Kurdish: دووزەق (dûzeq)
      - → Pashto: دوږخ (doģáx), دوغښ (doǧáẍ) (early reborrowing^[1]), دوزخ (dozáx) (late reborrowing^[2])
      - → Wakhi: dūzax (reborrowing^[3])

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000) “*¹dauš-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 1, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 410-419
^ Morgenstierne, Georg (1927) “23”, in An Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Skrifter utgitt av det Norske Videnskapsakademi i Oslo; 3), Oslo: J. Dybwad
^ Morgenstierne, Georg (1938) “dū'zax”, in Iranian Pamir Languages (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages), volume 2, Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning; H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), page 521

[ESIJa-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000) “*¹dauš-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 1, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 410-419

[2] Morgenstierne, Georg (1927) “23”, in An Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Skrifter utgitt av det Norske Videnskapsakademi i Oslo; 3), Oslo: J. Dybwad

[3] Morgenstierne, Georg (1938) “dū'zax”, in Iranian Pamir Languages (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages), volume 2, Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning; H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), page 521

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