Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ḳarḳar-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*ḳarḳar- m or f

  1. ground, floor

Inflection

Declension of *ḳarḳar-
case singular dual plural
nominative *ḳarḳarum *ḳarḳarāna plural stem + *-ūna
accusative *ḳarḳaram *ḳarḳarayna plural stem + *-īna
genitive *ḳarḳarim
possessive forms
1st person *ḳarḳarī / *ḳarḳarVya — *ḳarḳarVni
2nd person m *ḳarḳarVka *ḳarḳarVkumā / *ḳarḳarVkumay *ḳarḳarVkum(ū)
2nd person f *ḳarḳarVki *ḳarḳarVkin(ā)
3rd person m *ḳarḳarVšu *ḳarḳarVšumā / *ḳarḳarVšumay *ḳarḳarVšum(ū)
3rd person f *ḳarḳarVša *ḳarḳarVšin(ā)

the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ḳarḳaruya for nom. case, *ḳarḳariya for gen. case, *ḳarḳaraya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of *ḳarḳar-
case singular dual plural
nominative *ḳarḳarum *ḳarḳarāna *ḳarḳarātum
accusative *ḳarḳaram *ḳarḳarayna *ḳarḳarātim
genitive *ḳarḳarim
possessive forms
1st person *ḳarḳarī / *ḳarḳarVya — *ḳarḳarVni
2nd person m *ḳarḳarVka *ḳarḳarVkumā / *ḳarḳarVkumay *ḳarḳarVkum(ū)
2nd person f *ḳarḳarVki *ḳarḳarVkin(ā)
3rd person m *ḳarḳarVšu *ḳarḳarVšumā / *ḳarḳarVšumay *ḳarḳarVšum(ū)
3rd person f *ḳarḳarVša *ḳarḳarVšin(ā)

the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ḳarḳaruya for nom. case, *ḳarḳariya for gen. case, *ḳarḳaraya for acc. case, etc.

Reconstruction notes

Like *kabkab- (“star”), originally from a disyllabic root. In many reflexes a dissimilation *r-r > *r-ʕ occurred.

Descendants

  • East Semitic:
    • Akkadian: 𒆠 (qaqqarum)
  • West Semitic:
    • Central Semitic:
      • Arabic: قَرْقَر (qarqar)
      • Northwest Semitic:
        • Aramaic:
          • Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: קרקע (ḳrḳʿ)
          • Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: קַרְקְעָא (ḳarḳəʿā)
        • Canaanite:
    • Ethiopian Semitic:
      • Ge'ez: ቀርቀር (ḳärḳär, “level and open field”)
    • Modern South Arabian:
      • Soqotri: ḳárḳahar

References

  • Růžička, Rudolf (1909) “Konsonantische Dissimilation in den semitischen Sprachen”, in Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft‎[1] (in German), volume VI, number 4, Leipzig · Baltimore: J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung · The Johns Hopkins Press, page 17
  • Kogan, Leonid (2011) “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor, The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; 36), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 189
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