Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/kuw

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Reconstruction

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?
- Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *kəw-n/t (Matisoff, STEDT; Mortensen, 2012); *kuw (Benedict, 1972); *kəw (Chou, 1972); *kəw, *kuw (Weidert, 1987)

A few suffixes, *-t and *-n (nominalization suffixes?) appear with this verb in some languages.

Frequently found compounded with *məj (“fire”).

The Chinese uvular defies explanation; rGyalrongic and Burmese strongly speak against the presence of a uvular.

Verb

*kuw

to affect with smoke

Noun

*kuw

smoke

Descendants

Old Chinese: 熏 /*qʰun/ (B-S & ZS) ("to smoke, to fumigate"); 葷 / 荤 /*qʰun/ (B-S & ZS) ("strong smelling vegetables")
- Middle Chinese: 熏 (xjun, /hɨun/), 葷 / 荤 (xjun, /hɨun/)
  → Japanese: 熏 (くん, kun)
  Korean: 훈 (熏, hun)
  Vietnamese: hun, huân (熏)
  
  → Japanese: 葷 (くん, ぐん, kun, gun)
  Korean: 훈 (葷, hun)
  Vietnamese: huân, hôi (葷)
  - Modern Chinese
    - Beijing: 熏 (xūn, /ɕyn⁵⁵/); 荤 (hūn, /xu̯ən⁵⁵/)
    - Cantonese: 熏 (/fɐn⁵⁵/); 荤 (/fɐn⁵⁵/)
- Min Nan
  - Xiamen: 熏 (/hun⁴⁴/); 荤 (/hun⁴⁴/)
Proto-Kuki-Chin: *khuu
- Central
  - Mizo: khu, khûk (“to smoke”)
- Khomic
  - Khumi Chin: khü
- Northern
  - Zou: hu
Himalayish
- Mahakiranti
  - Kiranti
    - Eastern Kiranti
      - Greater Yakkha
        Yakkha: मिखुॽवा (mikʰuʔwa, “smoke”)
        
        Athpare: मिखुमा (mikʰuma, “smoke”)
      - Upper Arun River
        Yamphu: मक्खु (makkhu, “smoke”)
        
        Northern Lorung: मॆख्‍खुमा (mɛkkʰuma, “smoke”)
    - Western Kiranti
      - Dumi: मीखुमा (mikʰuma, “smoke”)
      - Khaling: मिक्‍मो़ (mikmö, “smoke”)
rGyalrongic
- East rGyalrongic
  - Situ: (ta)kʰuʔ (“smoke; cigarette”)
Jingpho-Asakian
- Jingpho
  - Jingpho: wanhkut (“smoke”, noun), wanhkut
Naic
- ⇒ Proto-Naish: *mu kʰu
  - Naxi: meelkeeq
  - Narua: muku
  - Laze: [Term?] (/⁠mu˧ kʰv˥⁠/)
Lolo-Burmese: *kuw² (“smoke”), *muw² + kuw² (“smoke”) (Matisoff, 1978)
- Burmish
  - Burmese: ခိုး (hkui:, “(of smoke) to cause eyes to smart”) (> အခိုး (a.hkui:, “vapour, smoke, fume”), မီးခိုး (mi:hkui:, “smoke”, noun))
- Proto-Loloish: *ko² (Bradley, 1979)
  - Northern Loloish
    - Yi (Liangshan): ꃅꇴ (mu gu, “smoke”, noun)
  - Central Loloish
    - Lisu (Southern): ꓟꓴꓽ ꓘꓴꓽ (mù kʰù, “smoke; tobacco”, noun)
Karenic: *khúq (“to smoke (as fire)”) (Jones, 1961)
- S'gaw Karen: ခုၣ် (khù, “smoke, vapour”)