Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/s-ŋja

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ngyaɣ (Coblin, 1986); *ŋyɑ (Chou, 1972)
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *s-ŋya (Matisoff, STEDT); *ngya (*B) (Coblin, 1986); *ŋya (LaPolla, 1987; Benedict, 1972); *ŋyɑ (Chou, 1972)

*s-ŋja

1. fish

• Old Chinese: 魚 / 鱼 (yú) ("fish"), 漁/䱷 ("to fish") (both: /*ŋa/ (ZS))

  (魚 in the oracle bone script)

  • Middle Chinese: 魚 / 鱼 (yú), 漁/䱷 (both: /ŋɨʌ/)

    → Japanese: 魚 (ぎょ, ​gyo)
    Korean: 어 (魚, eo)
    Vietnamese: ngư (魚)

    • Modern Mandarin
      • Beijing: 魚 / 鱼 (yú), 漁 / 渔 (yú) (yú, /y³⁵/)
    • Cantonese
      • Guangzhou: 魚 / 鱼 (yú), 漁 / 渔 (yú) /jyː²¹/
    • Wu
      • Shanghai: 魚 / 鱼 (yú), 漁 / 渔 (yú) /ɦŋ̍²³/
  • Min
    • Min Nan
      • Taiwan: 魚 / 鱼 (yú), 漁 / 渔 (yú) (both: /hi²⁴/, /hu²⁴/ (colloquial), /ɡu²⁴/ (literary for 魚))
• Himalayish
  • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Bodic
      • Kaike: ngā
      • Tshangla: ང (nga)
      • Tawang Monpa: ȵᴀ¹³
      • Tibetan
        • Tibetan: ཉ (nya, “fish”)
        • Dzongkha: ཉ (nya)
        • Sherpa: ཉ (nya)
      • Eastern Bodish:
        • Kurtöp: ཉ (nya)
    • Lepcha: ᰅᰫ (ngú, “fish”)
    • Tamangic
      • Tamang (Sahu): २तारङा (²tarŋa, “fish”)
      • Eastern Tamang: 'tar ŋa
      • Western Gurung: 'ta ŋa
      • Manangba: dar² ŋa²
      • Thakali: tɔr ŋɔ
  • Newar
    • Newar (Dolakhali): ङ (ŋa, “fish”)
    • Newar (Kathmandu): ञ (nya, “fish”)
  • Mahakiranti
    • Kiranti
      • Eastern Kiranti = Rai
        • Limbu: ᤏᤠ᤺ (naː, “fish”)
        • Yamphu: ङा (ṅā, “fish”)
        • Northern Lorung: ङाः (ŋa, “fish”)
        • Athpare: ŋa sa
      • Western Kiranti
        • Dumi: ङु (ŋu, “fish”)
        • Khaling: ङो़ (ngö, “fish”)
        • Bahing: ŋa
        • Thulung: ŋoː
      • Southern Kiranti
        • Bantawa: na
        • Kulung: ŋa
        • Chamling: ngasa
• Northeast Indian Areal Group
  • North Assam
    • Tani
      • Western Tani
        • Apatani: ŋúi
        • Nyishi: ŋu-i
        • Adi: o-ŋoː
        • Galo: ŋoi
        • Mising: ŋui
        • Nyishi: ngui
      • Deng
        • Miju: ɑ³¹ ŋɑ⁵⁵
        • Idu: ŋa
    • Kuki-Chin
      • Northern Chin
        • Siyin Chin: ngā sā
        • Thado Chin: ngâa
        • Tedim Chin: nga¹
      • Southern Plains Chin
        • Asho Chin: ngó
        • Chinbon Chin: ŋo
        • Mün Chin: nga
        • Khumi Chin: ngoo
        • Nga La: ŋa
        • Daai Chin: ŋá
      • Central Chin
        • Lai: ŋàa
        • Falam Chin: ŋâa
        • Mizo: hŋa
      • Maraic
        • Mara Chin: ngá
        • Lutuv: ngaa
• Central Naga
  • Ao: ³a ¹ŋuʔ
  • Lotha Naga: ¹o ²ŋo(ʔ)
  • Sangtam Naga: ngu
  • Yimchungru Naga: thü ngü
  • Angami-Pochuri
    • Pochuri Naga: anga
    • North Nuaulu: anga
• Zemic
  • Rongmei Naga: ŋa
• Manipuri: ꯉꯥ (ngā)
• Boro-Garo
  • Bodo (India): ना (na /⁠naʔ⁠/)
  • Garo: na·- (prefix for types of fish)
  • Atong (India): na•
  • Dimasa: na
• Northern Naga
  • Nocte: ŋaʔ
  • Tangsa: ŋaʔ
  • Chang: ŋàu
  • Khiamniungan Naga: ¹ŋo̥ᴜʔ
  • Konyak Naga: nya
  • Phom: ñaʔ
  • Wancho: nya
• Jingpho-Asakian
  • Jingpho: nga (/⁠ŋa⁵⁵⁠/)
  • Chak: təna
• Ersuic
  • Ersu: ȵæ³⁵
• Qiangic
  • Guiqiong: tʃɿ⁵³ ȵi⁵³
  • Queyu: ȵa¹³
  • Shixing: ʔu⁵⁵
• Nungic
  • Anong: ŋuɑ⁵⁵
  • Rawang: ŋɑ³³
  • Drung: ŋɑ⁵⁵ pɿɑ̆ʔ⁵⁵
• Naic
  • Proto-Naish: *ŋi
    • Naxi: ni (“fish”)
    • ⇒ Narua: nisso
    • ⇒ Laze: [Term?] (/⁠ɲi˩ ze˥⁠/)
• Lolo-Burmese
  • Burmish
    • Achang: oeng
    • Burmese: ငါး (nga:, “fish”)
    • Pela: ŋə̆ ta³¹
    • Hpon: tă ŋàh
    • Lhao Vo: ŋə̆³¹ tsɔ³¹
    • Marma: ŋá
    • Anyin Morofo: ŋŏ²¹ tso²¹
  • Loloish
    • Northern Loloish
      • Yi (Liangshan): ꉛ (hxe, “fish”)
      • Katso: ŋa³¹ mɛ⁴⁴
      • Nusu: ŋɑ⁵⁵
    • Central Loloish
      • Youle Jino: ŋɔ³³
      • Buyuan Jino: ŋɔ⁴⁴ tɤ³¹
      • Kucong: ŋʌ³¹
      • Lahu: ŋâ
      • Lisu: ŋuɑ⁵⁵
      • Sani: ŋɒ⁵⁵
    • Southern Loloish
      • Akha: ŋà → ŋà sjhà
      • Enu: ŋà shà
      • Hani: ŋa³¹ de⁵⁵
      • Biyo: ŋa³¹ ɕa³¹
      • Kaduo: ŋò shɔ̀
      • Honi: ŋɔ³¹ ʃɔ³¹
      • Mpi: ŋo²
    • Southeastern Loloish
      • Azha: a³³ ŋɔ²²
      • Southern Muji: ŋa⁵⁵ mjɛ⁵⁵
      • Phola: ŋɑ³¹ zɨ̠²³
      • Hlepho Phowa: ŋa³³ ɡɯ²¹
      • Phukha: ŋaʔ³⁵
      • Phuza: ŋa³³ za³³
• Karenic
  • S'gaw Karen: [script needed] (ȵa³¹)
• Bai
  • Panyi Bai: ŋu⁵⁵
  • Southern Bai: ŋv³⁵
  • Central Bai: ŋv⁵⁵

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *s-ŋya (Matisoff, STEDT); *d‑ŋa (Matisoff, 2003)

*s-ŋja

1. tusk; tooth

• Old Chinese: 牙 (yá) /*m-ɢˁ<r>a/ (B-S), /*ŋraː/ (ZS) ("tooth")
  • Middle Chinese: 牙 (ŋˠa)
    • Modern Mandarin
      • Beijing: 牙 (yá) (yá, /ia³⁵/)
    • Cantonese
      • Guangzhou: 牙 (yá) /ŋaː²¹/
    • Wu
      • Shanghai: 牙 (yá) /ŋa²³/
  • Min
    • Min Nan
      • Taiwan: 牙 (yá) /ɡe²⁴/ (colloquial), /ɡa²⁴/ (literary)

• *s-nja-k (“flesh, meat”)
• *r/s-ŋ(y)a (“borrow, lend”)
• *ŋa (“I”)
• *l/b-ŋa (“five”)