Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/swiʔ

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Reconstruction

  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *shwiʔ (Coblin, 1986); *swiʔ (Schuessler, 2007)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *s-hywəy-t (Matisoff, STEDT); *s-hwiy (Benedict, 1972); *(s-)h(y)wə[ː]y  (French, 1983); *s-hwiy(*B) (Coblin, 1986)

This word now means "marrow" in some Tibeto-Burman languages. Chinese 髓 (suǐ) (suǐ < OC *s-lojʔ, "marrow") has also been (possibly incorrectly) assigned as a reflex of this root.

Old Chinese 血 (*qʰʷiːg (ZS), *m̥ˁik (B-S), “blood”) is traditionally connected here but suffers serious phonological problems with its onset, to the point that they might not even related; if they are related, Sagart can only posit a mass Tibeto-Burman borrowing from Chinese. Schuessler (2019) critiques Sagart (1999b)'s proposal that Tibeto-Burman languages all over Southeast Asia and the Himalayas in early dynastic time would and could borrow Chinese words and Baxter and Sagart (2014)'s reconstruction 血 (OC *m̥ˤik) as resulting from "phonetic over-interpretation of graphs" and confusion of etymological link with mental association.

Noun

*swiʔ

  1. blood

Descendants

  • Himalayish
    • Tibeto-Kanauri
      • Bodic
        • Tibetic
          • >? Tibetan: ཡི་དམ (yi dam, “vow, oath, promise”), ཡིད (yid, “soul, mind”)
      • Lepcha: ᰟᰧ (vi, “blood”)
    • Newar
      • Newar (Dolakhali): हि (hi, “blood”)
      • Newar (Kathmandu): हि (hi, “blood”)
    • Mahakiranti
      • Kiranti
        • Eastern Kiranti = Rai
        • Western Kiranti
          • Khaling: हि (hi, “blood”)
          • Dumi: ही (hi, “blood”)
  • rGyalrongic
    • West rGyalrongic
      • Tangut: 𗊴 (*sjij¹, “blood”)
    • East rGyalrongic
      • Japhug: tɤ-se
  • Proto-Lolo-Burmese: *swəj² (“blood”)
    • Burmish
    • Proto-Loloish: *swe² (“blood”) (Bradley, 1979; Weidert, 1987)
      • Northern Loloish
        • Yi (Liangshan): ꌦ (sy, “blood”)
      • Central Loloish
        • Lisu: ꓢꓲꓽ (sɨ̀)
  • Proto-Karen: *swiᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)

See also

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