Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ga
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
The suffix is one of several similar suffixes, namely *-ba, *-da, which formed derivative nouns from verbal or nominal roots. When attached to nouns or adjectives, it got compounded to the primal suffix of the stem, extending it into *-ьdza for i-stem roots or -oga for o-stem roots.
Ultimately, the suffix descends from Proto-Indo-European *-gʰo-, *-gʰeh₂. Encountered in Lithuanian stógas (“build”)[1] = Lithuanian stóti (“to stand”) + -gas and analogous with Proto-Germanic *-gô (e.g. *frauþaz (“jumper”) → *fruþgô (“frog”)).
Suffix 1
*-ga f
- Deverbative, forming abstract nouns.
- Denominal, forming attributive nouns.
- *gobь (“share, wealth”) → *gobьdzъ (“fortune”), *gobьdza (“abundance”)
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-ga | *-dzě | *-gy |
| genitive | *-gy | *-gu | *-gъ |
| dative | *-dzě | *-gama | *-gamъ |
| accusative | *-gǫ | *-dzě | *-gy |
| instrumental | *-gojǫ, *-gǫ** | *-gama | *-gami |
| locative | *-dzě | *-gu | *-gasъ, *-gaxъ* |
| vocative | *-go | *-dzě | *-gy |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Alternative forms
- *-gъ m, *-go n
Derived suffixes
Suffix 2
*-gъ
- From basic root stems, forming attributional adjectives
Declension
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-gъ | *-ga | *-go |
| genitive | *-ga | *-gy | *-ga |
| dative | *-gu | *-dzě | *-gu |
| accusative | *-gъ | *-gǫ | *-go |
| instrumental | *-gomь | *-gojǫ | *-gomь |
| locative | *-dzě | *-dzě | *-dzě |
| vocative | *-že | *-go | *-go |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-ga | *-dzě | *-dzě |
| genitive | *-gu | *-gu | *-gu |
| dative | *-goma | *-gama | *-goma |
| accusative | *-ga | *-dzě | *-dzě |
| instrumental | *-goma | *-gama | *-goma |
| locative | *-gu | *-gu | *-gu |
| vocative | *-ga | *-dzě | *-dzě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-dzi | *-gy | *-ga |
| genitive | *-gъ | *-gъ | *-gъ |
| dative | *-gomъ | *-gamъ | *-gomъ |
| accusative | *-gy | *-gy | *-ga |
| instrumental | *-gy | *-gami | *-gy |
| locative | *-dzěxъ | *-gaxъ | *-dzěxъ |
| vocative | *-dzi | *-gy | *-ga |
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-gъjь | *-gaja | *-goje |
| genitive | *-gajego | *-gyję̇ | *-gajego |
| dative | *-gujemu | *-dzěji | *-gujemu |
| accusative | *-gъjь | *-gǫjǫ | *-goje |
| instrumental | *-gyjimь | *-gǫjǫ | *-gyjimь |
| locative | *-dzějemь | *-dzěji | *-dzějemь |
| vocative | *-gъjь | *-gaja | *-goje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-gaja | *-dzěji | *-dzěji |
| genitive | *-guju | *-guju | *-guju |
| dative | *-gyjima | *-gyjima | *-gyjima |
| accusative | *-gaja | *-dzěji | *-dzěji |
| instrumental | *-gyjima | *-gyjima | *-gyjima |
| locative | *-guju | *-guju | *-guju |
| vocative | *-gaja | *-dzěji | *-dzěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-dziji | *-gyję̇ | *-gaja |
| genitive | *-gъjixъ | *-gъjixъ | *-gъjixъ |
| dative | *-gyjimъ | *-gyjimъ | *-gyjimъ |
| accusative | *-gyję̇ | *-gyję̇ | *-gaja |
| instrumental | *-gyjimi | *-gyjimi | *-gyjimi |
| locative | *-gyjixъ | *-gyjixъ | *-gyjixъ |
| vocative | *-dziji | *-gyję̇ | *-gaja |
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: -га (-ga)
- Belarusian: -га (-ha)
- Russian: -га (-ga)
- Ukrainian: -га (-ha)
- Old East Slavic: -га (-ga)
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
References
- G. Nandriş (1965) Handbook Of Old Church Slavonic Grammar, page 90
- Duridinov et al. (1991) Граматика на Старобългарския език, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 180
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1974), “*batogъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 1 (*a – *besědьlivъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 165
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*gobьzъ(je), *gobьza”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 186
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1992), “*matoga”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 18 (*matoga – *mękyšьka), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 5
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “*stogas II”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429