Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kovati

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kauˀ-, from Proto-Indo-European *kowh₂-, from the root *kewh₂-. Cognate with Lithuanian káuti (“to hew, to beat, to murder”), Latvian kaût (“to fight”), Latin cūdere (“to forge, to beat, to grind”), Old Norse hǫggva (“to hew, to beat”), Old High German houwan (“to hew, to beat”), Old Irish cuad (“to beat, to fight”).

Verb

*kovàti impf[1][2]

  1. (metalworking) to forge

Inflection

Conjugation of *kovati, *kova, *kovetь (impf., -a/C-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)
Verbal noun Infinitive Supine L-participle
*kovanьje *kovati *kovatъ *kovalъ
Participles
Tense Past Present
Passive *kovanъ *kovomъ
Active *kovavъ *kovy
Aorist Present
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Singular *kovaxъ *kova *kova *kovǫ *koveši *kovetь
Dual *kovaxově *kovasta *kovaste *kovevě *koveta *kovete
Plural *kovaxomъ *kovaste *kovašę *kovemъ *kovete *kovǫtь
Imperfect Imperative
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Singular *kovaaxъ *kovaaše *kovaaše — *kovi *kovi
Dual *kovaaxově *kovaašeta *kovaašete *kověvě *kověta —
Plural *kovaaxomъ *kovaašete *kovaaxǫ *kověmъ *kověte —
Conjugation of *kovati, *kova, *kujetь (impf., -a/V-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)
Verbal noun Infinitive Supine L-participle
*kovanьje *kovati *kovatъ *kovalъ
Participles
Tense Past Present
Passive *kovanъ *kujemъ
Active *kovavъ *kuję
Aorist Present
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Singular *kovaxъ *kova *kova *kujǫ *kuješi *kujetь
Dual *kovaxově *kovasta *kovaste *kujevě *kujeta *kujete
Plural *kovaxomъ *kovaste *kovašę *kujemъ *kujete *kujǫtь
Imperfect Imperative
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Singular *kovaaxъ *kovaaše *kovaaše — *kuji *kuji
Dual *kovaaxově *kovaašeta *kovaašete *kujivě *kujita —
Plural *kovaaxomъ *kovaašete *kovaaxǫ *kujimъ *kujite —
Conjugation of *kuti, *ku, *kovetь (impf., -V/C-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)
Verbal noun Infinitive Supine L-participle
*kutьje *kuti *kutъ *kulъ
Participles
Tense Past Present
Passive *kutъ *kovomъ
Active *kuvъ *kovy
Aorist Present
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Singular *kuxъ *ku *ku *kovǫ *koveši *kovetь
Dual *kuxově *kusta *kuste *kovevě *koveta *kovete
Plural *kuxomъ *kuste *kušę *kovemъ *kovete *kovǫtь
Imperfect Imperative
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Singular *kověaxъ *kověaše *kověaše — *kovi *kovi
Dual *kověaxově *kověašeta *kověašete *kověvě *kověta —
Plural *kověaxomъ *kověašete *kověaxǫ *kověmъ *kověte —
Conjugation of *kuti, *ku, *kujetь (impf., -V-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)
Verbal noun Infinitive Supine L-participle
*kutьje *kuti *kutъ *kulъ
Participles
Tense Past Present
Passive *kutъ *kujemъ
Active *kuvъ *kuję
Aorist Present
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Singular *kuxъ *ku *ku *kujǫ *kuješi *kujetь
Dual *kuxově *kusta *kuste *kujevě *kujeta *kujete
Plural *kuxomъ *kuste *kušę *kujemъ *kujete *kujǫtь
Imperfect Imperative
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Singular *kujaaxъ *kujaaše *kujaaše — *kuji *kuji
Dual *kujaaxově *kujaašeta *kujaašete *kujivě *kujita —
Plural *kujaaxomъ *kujaašete *kujaaxǫ *kujimъ *kujite —

Alternative forms

  • *kovačь (“smith, blacksmith”)
  • *kovaľь (“blacksmith”)
  • *kovanъ (“smitten”)
    • *kovanьje (“forging”)
  • *kovařь (“blacksmith”)
  • *kujati (“to crook, to cow”)
  • *kъznь (“art”)
  • *kyjь (“stick, club”)
  • *kũznь (“smithy, smithery”)
  • *(obъ)kovъ (“fitting, forging”)
  • *podъkova (“horseshoe”)

Descendants

  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: ковати (kovati)
    • Old Novgorodian: кова́ти (kováti)
  • South Slavic:
  • West Slavic:

References

  1. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*kovàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 241: “v. (c) ‘forge’”
  2. ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “kovati: kujǫ kujetь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c (SA 204, 212, 214, 236; PR 139)”

Further reading

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