Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vorgъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wargás (“foe, enemy”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *Hwergʰ- (“to commit a crime”).

Noun

*vȏrgъ m[1][2][3][4]

  1. foe, enemy
    Synonyms: *neprijateľь, *nedrugъ
Inflection
Declension of *vȏrgъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)
singular dual plural
nominative *vȏrgъ *vȏrga *vȏrdzi
genitive *vȏrga *vorgù *võrgъ
dative *vȏrgu *vorgomà *vorgòmъ
accusative *vȏrgъ *vȏrga *vȏrgy
instrumental *vȏrgъmь, *vȏrgomь* *vorgomà *vorgý
locative *vȏrdzě *vorgù *vordzě̃xъ
vocative *vorže *vȏrga *vȏrdzi

* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms
  • *vorgovati (“to be in hostile relation”)
  • *voržьda (“animosity”)
  • *voržьjь (“hostile”)
  • *voržati (“to ambush; to curse”)
    • *voržařь (“evil sorcerer”)
  • *voržiti (“to cheat, to deceive”)
  • *vьrčěti (“to grumble, to utter”)
  • *vorčь (“fortune-teller”)
Descendants
  • East Slavic:
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Cyrillic script: врагъ (vragŭ)
      Glagolitic script: ⰲⱃⰰⰳⱏ (vragŭ)
    • Bulgarian: враг (vrag)
    • Macedonian: враг (vrag)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: вра̑г
      Latin script: vrȃg
    • Slovene: vrȃg (tonal orthography)
  • West Slavic:
Further reading
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “ворог”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “ворожить”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “враг¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 177

Etymology 2

Presumably o-grade of Proto-Slavic *vergti (“to roll; to throw”), from Proto-Indo-European *werg- (“to turn”) or *wergʷ- (“to cast”). Alternatively reconstructed as Proto-Slavic *vьragъ, akin to Proto-Slavic *vьrěti (“to spring”).

Noun

*vòrgъ m

  1. ravine, gorge
Inflection
Declension of *vorgъ (hard o-stem)
singular dual plural
nominative *vorgъ *vorga *vordzi
genitive *vorga *vorgu *vorgъ
dative *vorgu *vorgoma *vorgomъ
accusative *vorgъ *vorga *vorgy
instrumental *vorgъmь, *vorgomь* *vorgoma *vorgy
locative *vordzě *vorgu *vordzěxъ
vocative *vorže *vorga *vordzi

* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms
  • *ovorgъ/*ovьragъ
Descendants
  • East Slavic:
  • South Slavic:
    • Bulgarian: враг (vrag, “dale, gorge; large wound”), овра́г (ovrág, “ravine”) (dialectal)
  • Non-Slavic:
    • → Aromanian: vrag (“furrow”)
Further reading
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “овраг”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “враг²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 178

References

  1. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*vȏrgъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 527: “m. o (c) ‘foe’”
  2. ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “vorgъ vorga”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “cb (PR 134); (SA 70, 167; PR 137); d (RPT 105)”
  3. ^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “vrȃg”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*vȏrgъ”
  4. ^ Kapović, Mate (2007) “The Development of Proto-Slavic Quantity”, in Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch‎[2], University of Vienna, page 6: “*vȏrgъ”
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