Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ür

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative forms

  • *-ur
  • *-r

Etymology 1

Reconstruction notes

The roundedness of this suffix are preserved by Old Anatolian Turkish, but in other languages have instead unrounded to *-ir. Also in Turkish and Tatar, this suffix merged with the so-called "aorist" suffix *-er to form an unpredictable choice on simple present suffixes (i.e. Turkish bilir, olur, but eder).

Suffix

*-ür

  1. Suffix creating positive present tense.
    ‎*seb- (“to love”) + ‎*-ür → ‎*sebür (“She/he/it loves.”)
    Antonym: *-meŕ
  • *-de (locative case)
  • *-den (ablative case)
  • *-gan (verbal adjective)
  • *-miĺ (past tense heard or unclear)
  • *-niŋ (genitive case)
  • *-sa (verbal adverb; if)
  • *-ti (past tense seen or clear)

Descendants

  • Oghur:
    • Chuvash: -ӗр (-ĕr), -ӑр (-ăr), -р (-r)
  • Common Turkic:
  • Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-ür) [script needed] (-ur)
    • Salar: -er, -ar, -r
    • Turkmen: -er, -ar, -r
  • Karluk:
    • Karakhanid:
      • Uzbek: -ar
      • Uyghur: [script needed] (-er), [script needed] (-ar)
  • Kipchak:
    • East Kipchak:
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: -ар (-ar), -эр (-er), -ор (-or), -өр (-ör), -р (-r)
      • Southern Altai: -ар (-ar), -эр (-er), -ор (-or), -ӧр (-ör), -р (-r),
    • South Kipchak:
  • Siberian:
    • North Siberian:
      • Yakut: -ар (-ar), -эр (-er), -ор (-or), -өр (-ör), -р (-r)

Etymology 2

Alternative reconstructions

  • *-üŕ
  • *-guŕ
  • *-güŕ

Suffix

*-ür

  1. Suffix creating causative form of verb.
    ‎*keč- (“to pass”) + ‎*-ür → ‎*kečür- (“to pass something or someone”)
    ‎*büt- (“to be end”) + ‎*-ür → ‎*bütür- (“to end”)
    Synonyms: *-tur, *-t

Usage notes

  1. Unlike the *-tur, it is not a productive suffix in modern Turkic languages. So, if it does not exists, you can not product a new verb with *-Ur, but you can with *tUr.
  2. If the verb has this suffix once, then the second time it takes the -t form.
    ‎*kečür- (“to pass someone or something”) + ‎*-ür → ‎*kečürt- (“to cause to pass someone or something”)
  3. The third time it takes this suffix, it takes the form -tUr.
    ‎*kečürt- (“to cause to pass someone or something”) + ‎*-ür → ‎*kečürttür- (“to cause to cause to pass someone or something”)
  4. And if it is asked to take more, it takes the forms -t and -tUr respectively.
    ‎*kečürttür- (“to cause to cause to pass someone or something”) + ‎*-ür → ‎*kečürttürt- (“to cause to cause to cause someone or something”) (Today, Turkic languages do not go that far, but it becomes a grammatically correct verb.)
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