Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/altūn

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Unknown.

Disyllabic root and the sense "copper" present in Yakut hints at a compound of *āl (“scarlet, red”) +‎ *tun (“copper”), second element borrowed from Middle Chinese 銅 (duwng, “copper”),^[1] although vowel length does not match.

Likely related to Proto-Mongolic *altan (“gold”).^[2] Compare Mongolian алт (alt), Dongxiang antang and Daur alt.

Noun

*altūn

gold (metal)

Declension

Declension of *altūn
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*altūn
accusative	altūnug, altūnnï¹⁾
genitive	*altūnnuŋ
dative	*altūnka
locative	*altūnta
ablative	*altūntan
allative	*altūngaru
instrumental ²⁾	*altūnun
equative ²⁾	*altūnča
similative ²⁾	*altūnlayu
comitative ²⁾	*altūnlugu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Bulgar: الطن (altın)
  - Chuvash: ылтӑн (ylt̬ăn)
Proto-Common Turkic: *altun
- Proto-Oghuz: *altun
  - Old Anatolian Turkish:
    - Azerbaijani: altun
    - Ottoman Turkish: آلتون (altun, altın)
      Gagauz: altın
      
      Turkish: altın
  - Salar: altun
  - Turkmen: altyn
- Karluk:
  - Karakhanid: اَلْتُونْ (altūn)
    - Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (altūn)
      Chagatai: [script needed] (altun)
      Uzbek: oltin
      
      Uyghur: ئالتۇن (altun)
- Kipchak:
  - Kipchak: التن (altın)
    - Kipchak-Bulgar:
      Bashkir: алтын (altın)
      
      Tatar: алтын (altın)
    - Kipchak-Cuman:
      Crimean Tatar: altın
      
      Karachay-Balkar: алтын (altın)
      
      Kumyk: алтын (altın)
      
      Karaim: алтын
      
      Krymchak: алтын
    - Kipchak-Nogai:
      Kazakh: алтын (altyn)
      
      Karakalpak: alti’n
      
      Nogai: алтын (altın)
    - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      Kyrgyz: алтын (altın)
      
      Southern Altai: алтын (altïn)
- Siberian Turkic:
  - Old Turkic: 𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣 (l¹t¹un¹ /⁠altun⁠/)
  - Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾀𐽳𐽺 (ʾʾltwn /⁠altun⁠/)
    - Western Yugur: [script needed] (aʰltïm)
  - North Siberian Turkic:
    - Dolgan: алтан (“copper”)
    - Yakut: алтан (altan, “copper”)
  - South Siberian Turkic:
    - Sayan Turkic:
      Tuvan: алдын (aldın)
      
      Tofa: аълтан
    - Yeniseian Turkic:
      Khakas: алтын (altın)
      
      Shor: алтын (altın)

References

^ Early Contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic Reconstruction, Anna Vladimirovna Dybo
^ Nugteren, H. (2011). Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages. LOT.

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “altuːn”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 131
Tokat, Feyza (2014) “On the Common Words in Mongolian and the Turkish Dialects in Turkey”, in The Journal of International Social Research (Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi)‎^[1], volume 7, number 32, →ISSN, pages 185-198.
Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation)‎^[2], Utrecht: LOT

[1] Early Contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic Reconstruction, Anna Vladimirovna Dybo

[2] Nugteren, H. (2011). Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages. LOT.

[1]

[2]


stone: *tāĺ	iron: *temür	silver: *kümüĺ
gold: *altūn	copper: *bakïr	chalk or earth: *bōr
coal: *kömür	salt: *tūŕ	lead: *korguĺčïn