Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kïr

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

From *kïr-. Alternatively, the nominal meaning is primary.

Noun

*kïr

isolated mountain
mountain top
mountain ridge
steppe, desert, level ground
edge

Declension

Declension of *kïr
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*kïr
accusative	kïrïg, kïrnï¹⁾
genitive	*kïrnïŋ
dative	*kïrka
locative	*kïrta
ablative	*kïrtan
allative	*kïrgaru
instrumental ²⁾	*kïrïn
equative ²⁾	*kïrča
similative ²⁾	*kïrlayu
comitative ²⁾	*kïrlïgu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: хир (hir)
Proto-Common Turkic: *kïr

Proto-Oghuz: *gïr
- West Oghuz:
  - Old Anatolian Turkish:
    - Azerbaijani: qır
    - Ottoman Turkish: قیر (kır)
      - Turkish: kır
      - → Armenian: խըռ (xəṙ), ղըռ (ġəṙ)
      - → Serbo-Croatian: kŕdža, кр́џа
- East Oghuz:
  - Turkmen: gyr
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: قِرْ (qïr)
  - Chagatai: قیر
    - Uzbek: qir
    - Uyghur: قىر (qir)
Kipchak:
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: ҡыр (qır)
  - Tatar: кыр (qır)
- West Kipchak:
  - Kumyk: къыр (qır)
  - Karachay-Balkar: къыр (qır)
- East Kipchak:
  - Southern Altai: кыр (kïr)
  - Kyrgyz: кыр (kır)
  - Teleut қыр-
- South Kipchak:
  - Karakalpak: қыр
  - Kazakh: қыр (qyr)
  - Nogai: кыр (kır)
Siberian:
- North Siberian:
  - ⇒? Dolgan: кырдал (“hill”)
  - ⇒ Yakut: кыртас (kırtas, “to shear, cut out”), ⇒ кырдал (kırdal, “hill”)
→ Middle Mongol: ᠬᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ (kir-a)
- Mongolian: хяр (xjar)
- → Turkmen: gyra
- → Tuvan: хыра (xıra)

References

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 641
Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (2000) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume VI, Moscow: Indrik, page 225
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 265
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*Kɨr”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill