Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kȫl

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Probably borrowed from Proto-Yeniseian *xuɬ (“water”)^[1], via Old Arin *kul (“water”)^[2] around the time of the Xiōngnú Confederacy.

Noun

*kȫl

lake

Declension

Declension of *kȫl
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*kȫl
accusative	kȫlüg, kȫlni¹⁾
genitive	*kȫlnüŋ
dative	*kȫlke
locative	*kȫlte
ablative	*kȫlten
allative	*kȫlgerü
instrumental ²⁾	*kȫlün
equative ²⁾	*kȫlče
similative ²⁾	*kȫlleyü
comitative ²⁾	*kȫllügü

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: кӳлӗ (külĕ)
Common Turkic:

→ Tajik: кӯл (kül)
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: göl
  - Ottoman Turkish: كول (göl)
    - Turkish: göl
    - Gagauz: göl
    - Balkan Gagauz Turkish: göl
- Salar: göl
- Turkmen: köl
- → Khalaj: gö̂l
Karluk:
- Chagatai:
  - Uyghur: كۆل (köl)
  - Uzbek: koʻl
Kipchak:
- West Kipchak:
  - Karachay-Balkar: гёл (göl)
  - Karaim: köl
  - Kumyk: гёл (göl)
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: күл (kül)
  - Tatar: күл (kül)
- Kypchak-Nogai:
  - Kazakh: көл (köl)
  - Nogai: коьл (köl)
  - Karakalpak: kól
- Kyrgyz–Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: көл (köl)
  - Southern Altai: кӧл (köl)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic: 𐰚‬𐰇‬𐰠 (k‬ü‬l²‬ /⁠köl⁠/)
- North Siberian:
  - Dolgan: күөл
  - Yakut: күөл (küöl)
- South Siberian:
  - Yenisei:
    - Khakas: кӧл (köl)

References

^ Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2019) Language Contact in Siberia: Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic Loanwords in Yeniseian (The languages of Asia series; 19)‎^[1], Brill, →ISBN, page 364
^ Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon (2025) “Linguistic Evidence Suggests That Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language”, in Transactions of the Philological Society‎^[2], volume 0, →DOI, page 9 of 1-24

[1] Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2019) Language Contact in Siberia: Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic Loanwords in Yeniseian (The languages of Asia series; 19)‎^[1], Brill, →ISBN, page 364

[2] Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon (2025) “Linguistic Evidence Suggests That Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language”, in Transactions of the Philological Society‎^[2], volume 0, →DOI, page 9 of 1-24

[1]

[2]