Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/ka-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *ka- (“interrogative stem”), Proto-Tungusic *xa- (“interrogative stem”). Possibly also Proto-Japonic *ka (“interrogative particle”) and Proto-Uralic *ku (“who, where”) (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronoun

*ka-

  1. Interrogative stem.
    Synonym: *nē-

Declension

Declension of *ka-
(pronominal-n declension)
singular
nominative *ka
accusative *kanï
genitive *kanïŋ
dative *kaŋa
locative *kanta
ablative *kantan
allative 1) *kaŋaru
instrumental 1) *kanïn
equative 1) *kanča
similative 1) *kanlayu
comitative 1) *kanlïgu
1) The original allative, instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.

Descendants

  • ⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kańu (“which”), *kańusï (“which of”)
  • Arghu:
  • Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish: قانسی (qansı)
      • Ajem-Turkic: هانسی (hansı)
      • Ottoman Turkish: (Dialectal, Early Ottoman) قانسی (kansı)
    • Salar: gaysı
    • Turkmen: haýsy
    • Old Khalaj: خَيُو (xayū) (11th ce.)
  • Karluk:
    • Karakhanid: قَيُو (qayū)
  • Kipchak: *kay(ï), *kay(ï)sï
  • Siberian:
    • Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰪𐰆 (qńu /⁠qańu⁠/) (Ordu-Balyk/Karabalgasun I)
      • Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qanu, qayu)
    • North Siberian:
    • South Siberian:
      • Sayan:
        • Tofa:
        • Tuvan:
      • Yenisei:
        • Khakas: хайзы (xayzı)
        • Shor: қайзы (qayzï)
  • ⇒ Proto-Oghuz: *kangï (“which”), *kangïsï (“which of”)
    • Old Anatolian Turkish: قنغی (qanğı), قنغیسی (qanğısı)
      • Ajem-Turkic: هانغی (hanğı)
        • Azerbaijani: (Dialectal) hankı
      • Ottoman Turkish: (Early Ottoman) قنغی (kangı), (Middle Ottoman) هانغی (hangı), خانغی (hangı), (Late Ottoman) هانکی (hangi)
  • ⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanta (“where”)
  • Arghu:
  • Oghuz:
    • Old Khalaj: خَنْدا (xandā) (11th ce.)
    • Salar: gayda
  • Karluk:
  • Kipchak:
  • Siberian:
    • Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰣𐱃𐰀 (qn¹t¹a)
    • South Siberian:
  • ⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanï (“where”)
  • Arghu:
  • Oghuz:
  • Karluk:
  • Siberian:
    • Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰣𐰃 (qn¹i)
  • ⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kačan (“when”)
  • Arghu:
  • Oghuz:
  • Karluk:
    • Karakhanid:
  • Kipchak: قایچان (qayçan) (Should we delete(+) this sense?)
    • North Kipchak
      • Bashkir: ҡасан (qasan)
      • Tatar: кайчан (qayçan)
    • South Kipchak:
  • Siberian
    • North Siberian
      • Dolgan: каһан (kahan)
      • Yakut: хаһан (qahan)
    • South Siberian
      • Yenisei
        • Shor: қачан (qačan)
        • Khakas: хаӌан (xacan)
      • Western Yugur: qačan
      • Northern Altai: каджан (kadžan), кайджан (kaydžan), каччан (kaččan), качан (kačan)
  • ⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanča (“when”)
  • Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish: قنجە (qanca, “when”), قنجارو (qancaru, “where”)
      • Ajem-Turkic: هانجارو (hancaru)
        • Azerbaijani: hancarı, həncəri (“where, how”), hanceri[1]
  • Karluk:
    • Karakhanid:
      • Chagatai: قانچە (qança, “how much”)
        • Uyghur: قانچە (qanche, “how much”)
        • Uzbek: qancha (“how much”)
  • Kipchak:
    • West Kipchak:
      • Karachay-Balkar: къанча (qança, “how much”)
    • South Kipchak:
    • East Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: канча (kanca, “how much”)
      • Southern Altai: канча (kanča, “how many, how much”)
  • Siberian:
  • ⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kandïn (“from where?”)
    • Siberian:
      • Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰦𐰣 (qntn¹)

References

  1. ^ Güneş, Bahadır (2012) “Kars ili ağızlarında “nasıl” soru zarfı ve ölçünlü dilden ayrılan örnekleri üzerine [The use of question word "how" in Kars dialect and some examples apart from the standard use of it in language]”, in Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi‎[1], volume 2, number 4, pages 49–55
  • Rezaei, Mehdi (2018) “Ḳa Zamiri ve Onun Türevleri Hakkında Bazı Tespitler [A Few Points About the Pronoun ka and Its Derivatives]”, in Söylem Filoloji Dergisi‎[2], volume 3, number 2, pages 272–283
  • al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume III, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, pages 218, 237
  • XIII. Yüzyılından Beri Türkiye Türkçesiyle Yazılmış Kitaplarından Toplanan Tanıklarıyle Tarama Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu yayınları; 212)‎[3] (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 1963–1977
  • on Turkbitig.com.
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