Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/xātun

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

*qātun^[1] (later)

Etymology

Borrowed from Northeastern Iranian, via Sogdic^[2]^[3] or perhaps Sakan,^[4] ultimately from Proto-Iranian *hwatā́wniH, the feminine form of *hwatā́wā (“lord, king”).

A minority view by Doerfer holds that the word is of Para-Mongolic origin, evidenced by Xianbei [Term?], and analyzed by him as cognate with *kagan (“khan”) and hypothetical feminine suffix *-tun found in Xianbei [Term?] (/⁠(a)matun⁠/, “mother”).^[5]

Noun

*xātun^[5]^[3]^[2]^[6]

queen, lady

Declension

Declension of *xātun
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*xātun
accusative	xātunug, xātunnï¹⁾
genitive	*xātunnuŋ
dative	*xātunka
locative	*xātunta
ablative	*xātuntan
allative	*xātungaru
instrumental ²⁾	*xātunun
equative ²⁾	*xātunča
similative ²⁾	*xātunlayu
comitative ²⁾	*xātunlugu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

It is generally difficult to ascertain which forms are inherited and which are reborrowed from neighboring languages.

Karakhanid: قاتُونْ (qātūn)
Karluk:
- Chagatai: خاتون (ḥatun)
  - Ili Turki:
  - Taranchi: xotun
  - Uzbek: xotin
  - Uyghur: خوتۇن (xotun)
  - Lopnor: [script needed] (xatun, “woman, wife”)
Kipchak
- Kipchak: [script needed] (qātūn)
- Central Kipchak:
  - Karakalpak: қатын
  - Kazakh: қатын (qatyn)
  - Nogai: хатын (xatın)
  - Siberian Tatar: қатын (qatïn)
- East Kipchak:
  - Southern Altai: кадыт (kadït)
  - Kyrgyz: катын (katın, “woman, wife; elderly woman”)
  - Teleut: кадын (kadïn), каат (kaat)
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: ҡатын (qatın)
  - Tatar: хатын (xatın)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: katın, hatın
  - Karachay-Balkar: къатын (qatın)
  - Karaim: катын
  - Kumyk: къатын (qatın), къатын-киши (qatın-kişi)
  - Urum: катын
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: قَادِینْ (qadın)
  - Azerbaijani: qadın
  - Gagauz: kadı́na, (obsolete) kadın
  - Ottoman Turkish: قادین (qadin)
    - Turkish: kadın
    - → Crimean Tatar: kadın
    - → Romanian: cadână
- Salar: gadın, gadınkiş , xatunkiši (“woman”), xotun (“woman, wife”) (perhaps from Uyghur)
- Turkmen: hātyn (obsolete)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic: 𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣 (qatun)
- Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽰𐾀𐽳𐽺 (qʾtwn /⁠ḥatun⁠/)
  - Western Yugur: ɢadən (gadïn, “queen, wife of an important person”)
- Southern Siberian
  - Northern Altai:
    - Northern Altai:
      кат (kat), каат (kaat) (Kumandy-Kishi)
      
      кадыт (kadït) (Chelkan)
  - Sayan:
    - Tuvan: када (kada), кадай (kaday, “old woman”) (highly dubious)
      кадын (kadın, “queen”) (likely from Mongolic)
      
      каътташ (kàttaş, “woman”) (obsolete)
    - (?) Soyot:қадай (“woman”)
  - Yenisei:
    - Shor: қаат
    - Khakas: хадын (xadın), (?) хадай (xaday)
- North Siberian:
  - Dolgan: [script needed] (katun), [script needed] (kotun)
  - Yakut: хатын (qatın), хотун (qotun, “lady, mistress, wife”) (perhaps from Mongolic)
Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (xatun)
Old Turkic: 𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣 (qt¹un¹ /⁠qatun⁠/)
→ Old Armenian: խաթուն (xatʻun)
→ Manchu: ᡴᠠᡨᡠᠨ (katun, “princess, empress, queen”)
→ Proto-Mongolic: *katun (if not inherited from Pre-Mongolic)
Kalmyk: хатн (xatn, “wife, noblewoman, queen”)

Khalkha: хатан (xatan)

Ordos: [script needed] (ġatun, “lady, prince's wife”)
→ Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫑𐫀𐫎𐫇𐫗 (xʾṯwn /⁠xātūn, qātūn⁠/, “Lady, an Uighur female title”)
- Persian: خاتون (xâtun) (possibly, if not from Sogdian directly) (see there for further descendants)
→ Tibetan: [script needed] (k'at'un, “princess”)

References

^ Tenišev E. R., editor (2001), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, page 297
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Clauson, Gerard (1972) “xa:tun”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 602
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 157
^ Dybo, Anna (2014) “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica‎^[1], volume 2, page 9
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20)‎^[2] (in German), volume 3, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1159, page 132
^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “kadın”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

[1] Tenišev E. R., editor (2001), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, page 297

[Clauson-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Clauson, Gerard (1972) “xa:tun”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 602

[Rasanen-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 157

[Dybo-4] Dybo, Anna (2014) “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica‎^[1], volume 2, page 9

[TMN-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20)‎^[2] (in German), volume 3, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1159, page 132

[6] Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “kadın”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

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