Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/hwatā́wā

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From *hwa- (“self”) +‎ *tā́wā ~ *tāwnáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tā́wā ~ *tāwnás, from Proto-Indo-European *tḗwh₂-ō ~ *tuh₂-nés, from *tḗwh₂-s ~ *téwh₂-s (compare Proto-Indo-Iranian *táwHsiH (“power, strength”), from *téwh₂s-ih₂[1]), *tewh₂- (“to be strong”). Cognate with Sanskrit स्वतवस् (svátavas, “valiant, inherently powerful”).

Noun

*hwatā́wā ~ *hwatāwnás m[2][3]

  1. lord, sovereign, king
  2. god

Inflection

consonant stem
singular dual plural
nominative *hwatā́wā *hwatā́wānā(w) *hwatā́wānah
vocative *hwatā́wan *hwatā́wānā(w) *hwatā́wānah
accusative *hwatā́wānam *hwatā́wānā(w) *hwatā́wnah
instrumental *hwatā́wnaH *hwatā́wabʰyā(m) *hwatā́wabʰiš
ablative *hwatā́wnah *hwatā́wabʰyā(m) *hwatā́wabʰyaH
dative *hwatā́wnay *hwatā́wabʰyā(m) *hwatā́wabʰyaH
genitive *hwatā́wnah *hwatā́waHāh *hwatā́wnaHam
locative *hwatā́wani *hwatā́waHaw *hwatā́wahu

Derived terms

  • *hwatā́wniH f (“queen, lady, consort”)[2][4][5][6][7][8]
    • Proto-Sogdic: *xwətyʷḗn f[5] (< earlier *xwatyʷā́yn[6])
      • Sogdian: (/⁠xutēn⁠/)
        Sogdian script: 𐼶𐼴𐽂𐼰𐼷𐼻 (xwtʾyn), 𐼶𐼴𐽂𐼰𐼷𐼻𐼳 (xwtʾynh)
        Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼇𐼚𐼊𐼎𐼆 (ɣwtynh), 𐼄𐼇𐼚𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼆 (ɣwtʾynh)
        Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (xwṯyn)
    • →? Proto-Turkic: *xātun (see there for further descendants)
    • →? Xiongnu: 閼氐 (ʔɑt̚-tei) (or ⭠ Saka *hvatujn[6])
  • *hwatā́wyah (“lord”)[2]
    • Bactrian: χοαδηο (khoadēo /⁠xwadēw⁠/) (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Scythian: *hwaθyā́wi[9] (or ⭠ Caucasian, cf. Lezgian гъуцар (ġucar, “god”)[10])
      • Old Ossetic: *xučaw
        Alanic: χουτζαυ (khoutzau), χουτζαου (khoutzaou)
  • *friyahwatā́wyah (“devoted sovereign”)[11]
    • Bactrian: φρειχοαδηο (freikhoadēo /⁠frīxwadēw⁠/)
    • Sogdian: [script needed] (pryxwʾw /⁠friyaxwatāw⁠/)

Descendants

  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Saka: *hvatāu
      • Old Khotanese: 𑀳𑁆𑀯𑀢𑀦 (hvatana), [script needed] (hvatäna, “Khotan”, literally “the (land of the) lords[12]”)
        • Late Khotanese: [script needed] (hvaṃna), 𑀳𑁆𑀯𑀦 (hvana), [script needed] (hvaṃ-)
        • → Ashokan Prakrit: [script needed] (khotana-)
        • → Middle Chinese: 于闐 (MC hju den|denH)
        • → Sogdian:
          Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼇𐼌𐼎𐼊𐼋 (ɣwδnyk)
        • → Tibetan: [script needed] (hu-ten), [script needed] (hu-den), [script needed] (huthen), [script needed] (yvu-then)
        • → Tumshuqese: [script needed] (hvaḏane), [script needed] (hvaḏna)
      • Tumshuqese: [script needed] (hvatā-), [script needed] (hvata-, “lord[13]”)
    • Proto-Sogdic: *xwətāw
      • Sogdian: (/⁠xutāw, xuδāw⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫟𐫇𐫤𐫀𐫇 (xwtʾw), 𐫟𐫤𐫀𐫇 (xtʾw), 𐫟𐫇𐫂𐫇 (xwβw)
        Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼇𐼚𐼀𐼇 (ɣwtʾw)
        Syriac script: ܚܘܕܐܘ (xwdʾw), ܚܘܕܘ (xwdw)
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Parthian: 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫏 (xwdʾy /⁠xwadāy⁠/), 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇𐫗 (xwdʾwn /⁠xwadāwan⁠/)
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Middle Persian: 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫏 (xwdʾy /⁠xwadāy⁠/), 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇𐫗 (xwdʾwn), 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇𐫇𐫗 (xwdʾwwn /⁠xwadāwan⁠/)
      • Classical Persian: خدای (xudāy), خدا (xudā), خداوند (xudāwand, “lord; God”) (see there for further descendants)

References

  1. ^ Kuiper, F. B. J. (1976) “Old East Iranian dialects”, in Indo-Iranian Journal‎[1], volume 18, numbers 3–4, Brill, page 249
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*h(u)u̯a- > *xᵛa-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 423
  3. ^ Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎[2], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 103
  4. ^ Gharib, B. (1995) “γwtʾynh”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 178b
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎[3], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 97
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Dybo, Anna (2014) “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica‎[4], volume 2, page 9
  7. ^ Gharib, B. (1995) “γwtʾw”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 178a
  8. ^ Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎[5], Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 181
  9. ^ Bailey, H. W. (1980) “Ossetic”, in Hatto, A. H., editor, The traditions (Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry), volume I, London, page 254
  10. ^ Abaev, V. I. (1985) “Alans”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, volume I, number 8, London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley, page 801‑803
  11. ^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*fri̯aina-, *fri̯āna-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 76
  12. ^ Bailey, H. W. (1982), The Culture of the Sakas in Ancient Iranian Khotan, Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies 1, ed. E. Yarshater, New York, esp. p. 3
  13. ^ Skjærvø, P. O. (1987), On the Tumshuqese "Karmavācanā" Text, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1, pp. 77-90
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