Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/diubul

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin diabolus (“devil”).

Noun

*diubul m^[1]

(Christianity) devil

Inflection

Masculine a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*diubul
Genitive	*diubulas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*diubul	diubulō, diubulōs
Accusative	*diubul	*diubulā
Genitive	*diubulas	*diubulō
Dative	*diubulē	*diubulum
Instrumental	*diubulu	*diubulum

Descendants

Old English: dēofol, dēoful, dīoful, dīofol
- Middle English: devel, deovel, deevel, devil, dyvel, devul, devyl, devell, devyll, deul, dewel, deyle, devull, dele
  - English: devil (see there for further descendants)
  - Scots: deil, deel, deevil
  - Yola: deevil, deel (syncopated)
Old Frisian: diōvel
- North Frisian: düüwel
- Saterland Frisian: Düüwel
- West Frisian: duvel
Old Saxon: diuval
- Middle Low German: dūvel
  - German Low German: Düwel, Dîwel
- → Old Norse: djǫfull
  - Icelandic: djöfull
  - Faroese: djevul, devul, devil
  - Norwegian:
    Bokmål: djevel
    Nynorsk: djevel
  - Old Swedish: diævul, diæffwol, diæffuill, diawl, diwell, dyfwll, dyffwill, diefwel
    - Swedish: djävel, djävul, jävel
  - Danish: djævel
Old Dutch: diuval
- Middle Dutch: duvel
  - Dutch: duivel, duvel (archaic or dialectal)
    - Afrikaans: duiwel
    - Berbice Creole Dutch: diflu
    - Negerhollands: duvel, dievel
  - Limburgish: duvel
Old High German: tiufal
- Middle High German: tiuvel, tievel
  - Alemannic German: Tüüfel
    - Swabian: Deifel
  - Bavarian: Deiwi, Deifi, Teifi
    - Cimbrian: taüvl
  - Central Franconian: Düüvel, Deuvel, Deivel
    - Hunsrik: Deivel
    - Luxembourgish: Däiwel
  - East Central German: Deibel, Teibel, Teifel
    - Vilamovian: tojfuł
    - → German: Deibel
  - German: Teufel
  - Rhine Franconian: Deiwel
    - Pennsylvania German: Deiwel
  - Yiddish: טײַוול (tayvl)

References

^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 135: “PWGmc *diubul”

[1] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 135: “PWGmc *diubul”

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