Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/krūd

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Unknown; possibly:

from *krūdan (“to press, push, crowd”), with the original meaning “crowding plant, weed”, compare Dutch krodde (“several small weeds”), perhaps from the related iterative *krūttōną (“to pack”),^[1]
cognate with Ancient Greek βρῠ́ον (brŭ́on, “tree-moss, etc.”), from βρύω (brúō, “to swell”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéru (“skewer; spear”),^[2]^[3]^[4]
or borrowed from a substrate language.^[5]^[3]

Noun

*krūd n

herb, plant

Inflection

Neuter a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*krūd
Genitive	*krūdas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*krūd	*krūdu
Accusative	*krūd	*krūdu
Genitive	*krūdas	*krūdō
Dative	*krūdē	*krūdum
Instrumental	*krūdu	*krūdum

Descendants

Old Frisian: krūd
- Saterland Frisian: Kruud
- West Frisian: bussekruud (second element)
Old Saxon: krūd
- Middle Low German: krût, krûde
  - German Low German: Kruut
  - Plautdietsch: Krut
  - → Old Norse: krydd^[6]^[7]
    - Icelandic: krydd
    - Faroese: krydd
    - Norwegian: krydder
    - Old Swedish: krydda f, krydde, kryde n
      - Swedish: krydda
      - → Finnish: ryyti
    - Danish: krydderi
  - → Danish: krudt (“gunpowder”)
    - → Faroese: krút
  - → Finnish: ruuti
Old Dutch: krūt
- Middle Dutch: cruut, cruud (both variants used interchangeably)
  - Dutch: kruid, kruit (variants developed different meanings)
    - Afrikaans: kruid
  - Limburgish: kroed
Old High German: krūt, chrūt
- Middle High German: krūt
  - Alemannic German: Chruut, Chrut, Chruud, Krut (Alsatian), chrud, chrüt (Walser)
    Alsatian: Krut
    
    Walser: chrit (Valais), chrud, chrüt
    - → French: choucroute (second element)
  - Central Franconian: Krock, Krout
    Kölsch: Kruck
  - German: Kraut
    - → English: sauerkraut (second element)
  - Luxembourgish: Kraut
  - Yiddish: קרויט (kroyt)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*krūda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 306
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g^u̯eru-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 479
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 de Vries, Jan (1971) “kruid”, in Nederlands etymologisch woordenboek [Dutch etymological dictionary] (in Dutch), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN
^ Vercoullie, Jozef (1925) “kruid”, in Beknopt etymologisch woordenboek der Nederlandsche taal (in Dutch), 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff
^ Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “kruid”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[2] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
^ Torp, Alf (1919) “Krydda”, in Nynorsk Etymologisk Ordbok, Oslo: H. Aschehoug and Co. (W. Nygaard), page 330
^ van der Sijs, Nicoline (2010) “kruid”, in Nederlandse woorden wereldwijd [Dutch words worldwide]‎^[3] (in Dutch), The Hague: Sdu Uitgevers, →ISBN, →OCLC

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*krūda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 306

[2] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g^u̯eru-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 479

[NEW-3] 3.0 ^3.1 de Vries, Jan (1971) “kruid”, in Nederlands etymologisch woordenboek [Dutch etymological dictionary] (in Dutch), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN

[4] Vercoullie, Jozef (1925) “kruid”, in Beknopt etymologisch woordenboek der Nederlandsche taal (in Dutch), 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff

[5] Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “kruid”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[2] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[6] Torp, Alf (1919) “Krydda”, in Nynorsk Etymologisk Ordbok, Oslo: H. Aschehoug and Co. (W. Nygaard), page 330

[7] van der Sijs, Nicoline (2010) “kruid”, in Nederlandse woorden wereldwijd [Dutch words worldwide]‎^[3] (in Dutch), The Hague: Sdu Uitgevers, →ISBN, →OCLC

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