Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/stoppōn

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Unknown; According to Barnhart probably from Proto-Germanic *stuppōną (“to stop, close”), *stuppijaną (“to push, pierce, prick”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewp-, *(s)tewb- (“to push; stick”), from *(s)tew- (“to bump; impact; butt; push; beat; strike; hit”). Alternatively, suggested to be borrowed from Latin stuppō (“to stop up, block, plug”),^[1] if not the other direction, but according to Century Dictionary, this is "on grounds of meaning somewhat doubtful". Alternatively, related to Proto-Germanic *stubbaz (“stump, stub”).^[2] See also Proto-Germanic *tappô.

Verb

*stoppōn

to stop, halt
to plug
to stuff, insert

Inflection

Class 2 weak
Infinitive	*stoppōn
1st sg. past	*stoppōdā
Infinitive	*stoppōn
Genitive infin.	*stoppōnijas
Dative infin.	*stoppōnijē
Instrum. infin.	*stoppōniju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*stoppō	*stoppōdā
2nd singular	*stoppōs	stoppōdēs, stoppōdōs
3rd singular	*stoppōþ	stoppōdē, stoppōdā
1st plural	*stoppōm	*stoppōdum
2nd plural	*stoppōþ	*stoppōdud
3rd plural	*stoppōnþ	*stoppōdun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*stoppō	*stoppōdī
2nd singular	*stoppōs	*stoppōdī
3rd singular	*stoppō	*stoppōdī
1st plural	*stoppōm	*stoppōdīm
2nd plural	*stoppōþ	*stoppōdīd
3rd plural	*stoppōn	*stoppōdīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*stoppō
Plural	*stoppōþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*stoppōndī	*stoppōd

Related terms

*stuppijan

Descendants

Old English: stoppian
- Middle English: stoppen, stoppien
  - English: stop (see there for further descendants)
  - Scots: stop, stap
Old Frisian: stoppia
- Saterland Frisian: stopje
- West Frisian: stopje
Old Saxon: *stoppōn
- Middle Low German: stoppen
  - Low German: stoppen
  - → German: stoppen
  - → Old Norse: stoppa
    - Icelandic: stoppa
    - Faroese: stappa ?
    - Norwegian Bokmål: stoppe
    - Norwegian Nynorsk: stoppa, stoppe
    - Swedish: stoppa
    - Danish: stoppe
Old Dutch: *stoppon
- Middle Dutch: stoppen
  - Dutch: stoppen
    - Afrikaans: stop
    - Berbice Creole Dutch: stupu
    - Negerhollands: stop, top
    - → Caribbean Javanese: setop
    - → Indonesian: setop
    - → Papiamentu: stòp, stop
Old High German: stoffōn, stoppōn, stophōn
- Middle High German: stopfen, stophen
  - German: stopfen
  - Hunsrik: stoppe
  - Luxembourgish: stoppen
- → Old French: estoffer, estofer
  - Middle French: estoffer
    - French: étoffer
  - → Middle Dutch: stoffēren
    - Dutch: stofferen
    - → Middle Low German: staffēren
      - → German: staffieren
  - → Middle English: stuffen
    - English: stuff
      - → French: stoff
    - Scots: stuff
→? Medieval Latin: stuppō (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Friedrich Kluge (1989) “stopfen”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 705
^ Torp, Alf (1919) “Stoppa”, in Nynorsk Etymologisk Ordbok, Oslo: H. Aschehoug and Co. (W. Nygaard), page 721

[1] Friedrich Kluge (1989) “stopfen”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 705

[2] Torp, Alf (1919) “Stoppa”, in Nynorsk Etymologisk Ordbok, Oslo: H. Aschehoug and Co. (W. Nygaard), page 721

[1]

[2]