Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/kus

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *kuʔs (per Vovin 2000, Starostin 2005)
  • *kuˀt (per Werner 2002)
  • *kuˀs (per Werner 2002 and Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *kʰuˀs (per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *qus ("Common Yeniseian", per Khabtagaeva 2019)
  • *xuʧ, *xuc (per Cologne group 2023 & 2024. Pattern: k.1-s.1)

Etymology

Most likely borrowed from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws (“cattle”), with an early semantic shift of stallion < cattle.

Noun

*kus (plural *kus-Vŋ)

  1. (zoology) horse

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Imbak Ket: kuːš, kuhsch (“horse”) (Eed-Šeš dialect)
    • Imbak Ket: kuːs, kusʲ (“cow”)
    • Yug: куʼс (kuˀs, “horse”)
  • Kottic:
    • Assan: huš, hɨš
      • ⇒ Assan: xučáŋ (“rein”)
      • ⇒ Assan: at-bíš, at-íːš, at-úːš (“gelding”) (cf. Proto-Turkic *at (“horse”))
    • Kott: xuš, guš, huš
      • ⇒ Kott: hučanse (“equine”)
      • ⇒ Kott: hučaŋa (“rein”)
      • ⇒ Kott: hučeä (“mare”)
      • ⇒ Kott: hučô (“on horseback”)
      • ⇒ Kott: at-úš (“gelding”) (cf. Proto-Turkic *at (“horse”))
  • Arinic:
    • Arin: qus, kus
      • ⇒ Arin: qúše (“mare”)
    • >? Arin: kun (perhaps from Russian конь (konʹ, “horse”))
  • Pumpokolic:
    • >? Xiongnu: 駃騠 (*kʷeːd.deː /⁠*kuti⁠/)[1]
    • Pumpokol: kutt, kut
      • ⇒ Pumpokol: chilùn-kutt (“foal”) (cf. Proto-Turkic *kulun (“foal”))
    • ⇒ Proto-Yeniseian: *pange-kus (“mare”, literally “female-horse”)
      • Kottic:
        • Assan: pen-guš
        • Kott: pen-kuš
      • Arinic:
        • Arin: pinü-kuče

References

  1. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2000) “Did the Xiong-nu Speak a Yeniseian Language?”, in Central Asiatic Journal‎[1], volume 44, number 1, Harrassowitz Verlag

Further reading

  • Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Hill, Eugen (2023) “cow (Table 11)”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part I: Word-Initial Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[2], number 5, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 55 of 39-82
  • Hill, Eugen, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Svenja, Bonmann (2024) “horse (Table 11)”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[3], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 251 of 216-293
  • Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 268
  • Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2019) Language Contact in Siberia: Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic Loanwords in Yeniseian (The languages of Asia series; 19)‎[5], Brill, →ISBN, pages 68-69
  • Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “*kʰuˀs”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 470
  • Vajda, Edward (2024) “*kus (Table 15)”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[6], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 412
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) “²kuˀs”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 457
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005) “cow”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 289
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005) “horse”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 303
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