Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/qiwχ

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *qɨˀj (per Werner 2002)
  • *χɨˀw (per Starostin 1994-2005)
  • *qɯˀj (per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *qiwx (per Fortescue-Vajda 2022)
  • *qɯj (per Cologne group 2023 & 2024. Pattern: q.1- or q.2-j.1)

Reconstruction notes

The rhyme *-iwχ is preferred over the pattern-derived **-ij[1] to justify the lack of elision seen in Ketic branches, though parallel examples for this change are lacking.[2]

Etymology

Compared to Proto-Athabaskan *qˀəx, *qˀej, *qˀi (“birch tree”) and Proto-Athabaskan *qʼəš (“alder tree”); Navajo kʼish (“alder tree”). It is also possible that these forms are a result of contact rather than common inheritance for both families, cue Nivkh ӿиф (hif, “birch bark”).[3] This root is thought to be the original term for 'birch tree', replaced by the Uralic borrowing *xusa.

Perhaps related to Ket хиль (hīlʲ), хиʼль (hīˀlʲ), Yug фыр (fīr), фыʼр (fiˀr, “sweet edible layer of birch bark”) and Kott fil (“tree juice, resin”).

Noun

*qiwχ (plural *qiwχ-Vŋʷ)

  1. (botany) birch tree bark
    Coordinate term: *xusa (“birch tree”)

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Imbak Ket: kuj (Eed-Šeš dialect)
    • Ket: ӄыʼй (qɨˀj)
    • Yug: хыʼй (χɨˀj)
  • Kottic:
    • ⇒ Kott: hîpal (“a sheet of birch bark”) (cf. pal (“fold”))

References

  1. ^ Note that this rhyme does not have a consonant at the end, and instead features Proto-Yeniseian diphthongoid *-ij-.
  2. ^ Vajda, Edward (2024) The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[1], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 388
  3. ^ Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 469

Further reading

  • Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Hill, Eugen (2023) “q.1, q.2 (Table 28)”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part I: Word-Initial Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[3], number 5, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 70 of 39-82
  • Hill, Eugen, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Svenja, Bonmann (2024) “Coda-j.1 (Table 21)”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[4], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 279 of 216-293
  • Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) “PY *iw”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 270
  • Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) “105.) ~*qiwx”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 377
  • Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “*qɯˀj”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 2, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 747
  • Vajda, Edward (2024) “*iw: *qiwχ”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[7], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 414
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) “²qɨˀj”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 153
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005) “birch bark”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 284
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