Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/xusa

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *kuˀətʲə (per Werner 2002)
  • *Huˀʌtʲʌ, *uˁsʌ (per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *xuše (per Fortescue-Vajda 2022)
  • *Huʧ, *Huc (per Cologne group 2024. Pattern: ?-s.1)
  • *wus, *gwus (per Bonnman-Fries 2025)

Etymology

Borrowed from Proto-Uralic *kuće (“birch tree”), which displaced the native term for 'birch tree', *qiwχ, semantically to 'birch bark'. Bonnman-Fries (2025) instead suggests the reverse, that Old Arin, hypothesized to have been spoken around the time of Xiōngnú Confederacy, loaned this word into Proto-Uralic.

Noun

*xusa (plural *xusa-ŋ)

  1. (botany) birch tree
    Coordinate term: *qiwχ (“birch bark”)

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Imbak Ket: uuse
      • Ket: усь (ùsʲ) (Southern and Northern dialects), уушъ (ùːšʌ) (Central dialects)
    • Ostyak Yug: uusʲa
      • Yug: ууʼс (ùːˁs)
  • Kottic:
    • Assan: úča, ɨča
    • Kott: uča, ûča, ûči
  • Arinic:
    • Arin: kus
    • → Proto-Mongolic: *kus (“birch tree”)[1]
  • Pumpokolic:

References

  1. ^ Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon (2025) “Linguistic Evidence Suggests That Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language”, in Transactions of the Philological Society‎[1], volume 0, →DOI, page 10 of 1-24

Further reading

  • Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon (2025) “Linguistic Evidence Suggests That Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language”, in Transactions of the Philological Society‎[2], volume 0, →DOI, page 6 of 1-24
  • Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Hill, Eugen (2023) “'birch'”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part I: Word-Initial Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[3], number 5, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 41 of 39-82
  • Hill, Eugen, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Svenja, Bonmann (2024) “Coda-s.1 (Table 21)”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[4], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 279 of 216-293
  • Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) “105.) ~*qiwx”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 377
  • Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “*Huˀʌtʲʌ”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 1, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 322
  • Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “*uħsʌ (1)”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 2, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 1029
  • Vajda, Edward (2024) “*xusa”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[6], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 404
  • Vajda, Edward (2024) The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[7], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 411
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) “⁴us' (II)”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 358
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005) “birch”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 284
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