English
Etymology
From Middle English birche, birk, from Old English birċe, bierċe, from Proto-West Germanic *birkijā, from Proto-Germanic *birkijǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵos.
Cognates
Compare West Frisian bjirk, German Birke, variant of *berkō (compare Dutch berk, Danish birk, Swedish björk, Norwegian bjørk), Sanskrit भूर्ज (bhūrjá), Lithuanian béržas, Czech bříza, Ossetian бӕрз (bærz), Russian берёза (berjóza)), Latin fraxinus (“ash tree, ash javelin”), Albanian bredh.
Pronunciation
Noun
birch (countable and uncountable, plural birches)
- Any of various trees of the genus Betula, native to countries in the Northern Hemisphere.
- A hard wood taken from the birch tree, typically used to make furniture.
- A stick, rod or bundle of twigs made from birch wood, used for punishment.
- Synonyms: makepeace, switch
- A birch-bark canoe.
Derived terms
Translations
tree
- Abkhaz: аҵааҵла (acʼaacʼla)
- Ainu: タッニ (tatni)
- Albanian: mështekër (sq) f, baloshe (sq) f, mështekën f
- Arabic: بَتُولَا f (batūlā)
- Aragonese: abetullo
- Armenian: կեչի (hy) (kečʻi)
- Aromanian: pilpet n, misteacãn n
- Azerbaijani: tozağacı
- Bashkir: ҡайын (qayın)
- Basque: urki
- Bats: გალ (gal)
- Belarusian: бяро́за f (bjaróza)
- Bengali: ভূর্জ (bn) (bhūrjô)
- Bulgarian: бреза́ (bg) f (brezá)
- Catalan: bedoll (ca) m, beç (ca) m
- Chechen: дакх (daq)
- Chinese:
- Mandarin: 樺樹 / 桦树 (zh) (huàshù); 樺 / 桦 (zh) (huà); 樺木 / 桦木 (zh) (huàmù)
- Chukchi: выԓгиԓ (vyḷgiḷ)
- Cornish: (collective) besow, besowen f
- Corsican: biolu m, violu m
- Crimean Tatar: aqqayın, акъкъайын
- Czech: bříza (cs) f
- Danish: birk
- Daur: caalbaang
- Dolgan: катыӈ (katıŋ)
- Dutch: berk (nl) m
- Esperanto: betulo (eo)
- Estonian: kask (et), kõiv (et)
- Even: ча̄лбан (cālʙan)
- Evenki: чалбан (çalban)
- Faroese: bjørk f, birki n
- Finnish: koivu (fi), koivupuu
- French: bouleau (fr) m
- Galician: bidueiro (gl) m, bídalo (gl) m, bido (gl) m, bedulo m, biduído (gl) m
- Georgian: არყი (arq̇i)
- German: Birke (de) f
- Greek: σημύδα (el) (simýda)
- Greenlandic: orpik
- Gwich'in: aat'oo
- Hebrew: שַׁדָּר (he) m (shaddár), לִבְנֶה (he) m (livné)
- Hungarian: nyír (hu), nyírfa (hu)
- Icelandic: björk (is) f, birki (is) n, birkitré (is) n
- Ingrian: koivu
- Inupiaq: urgiiḷiq
- Irish: beith f
- Italian: betulla (it) f
- Japanese: 樺の木 (カバノキ, kabanoki), 樺 (ja) (kaba)
- Kabardian: пхъэхуей (kbd) (pꭓɛxʷujej)
- Kaitag: ма́хъва (máqva)
- Kalmyk: хусм (xusm)
- Kazakh: қайың (qaiyñ)
- Ket: усь
- Khakas: хазың (xazıñ)
- Khowar: بوُڑی (buɫí)
- Korean: 자작나무 (ko) (jajang-namu), 박달나무 (ko) (bakdal-lamu)
- Kumyk: макъар (maqar)
- Kyrgyz: кайың (ky) (kayıŋ)
- Lak: кӏялахӏи (kʼaˤlaħi), мархъ (marq)
- Latgalian: bārzs m
- Latin: betula f
- Latvian: bērzs (lv) m
- Laz: ხჩეჯა (xçeca)
- Lezgi: верх (verꭓ)
- Lithuanian: beržas (lt) m
- Low German:
- German Low German: Bark
- Luxembourgish: Bierk
- Macedonian: бреза (mk) f (breza)
- Manchu: ᡧᠠᠵᡳᠯᠠᠨ (šajilan)
- Manx: billey-beih m
- Mingrelian: ჭყერია (č̣q̇eria), ბულიშ ცხიმური (buliš cximuri), გვალიში ბული (gvališi buli)
- Mongghul: jariai xjuusi
- Mongolian: хус (xus) ᠬᠤᠰᠤ (qusu), хус мод (xus mod) ᠬᠤᠰᠤ
ᠮᠣᠳᠤ (qusu modu)
- Nanai: пиагда̄н (piagdān)
- Navajo: kʼishchííʼ, naʼazhǫǫsh
- Nivkh: ӿивс (hivs)
- Northern Yukaghir: йааң (jaaŋ)
- Norwegian:
- Bokmål: bjørk (no) m or f, bjerk (no) m or f
- Nynorsk: bjørk (nn) f
- Occitan: beç (oc), bedol (oc) m
- Ojibwe: wiigwaas
- Okanagan: qʷəqʷłín'
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Cyrillic: брѣза f (brěza)
- Old Czech: břieza f
- Old East Slavic: береза f (bereza), брѣза f (brěza)
- Old English: bierċe f
- Oroqen: tʃa꞉lban, tʃa꞉lban
- Ossetian: бӕрз (bærz)
- Ottoman Turkish: هوش (huş), آق آغاج (ak ağac)
- Persian: توس (fa) (tus), غان (fa) (ġân)
- Plautdietsch: Boakj f
- Polabian: breză f
- Polish: brzoza (pl) f
- Portuguese: bétula (pt) f, vidoeiro (pt) m
- Romanian: mesteacăn (ro)
- Romansch: badugn m
- Russian: берёза (ru) f (berjóza)
- Sanskrit: भूर्ज (sa) m (bhūrja)
- Scots: birk
- Scottish Gaelic: beith f
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: бреза f
- Roman: breza (sh) f
- Shor: қазың (k̂azıŋ)
- Slovak: breza (sk) f
- Slovene: breza (sl) f
- Slovincian: brzôza f
- Solon: qaalbang, saalbang
- Sorbian:
- Lower Sorbian: brjaza f
- Upper Sorbian: brěza f
- Southern Altai: кайыҥ (kayïŋ)
- Spanish: abedul (es) m
- Squamish: qʷéłiʔn
- Sudovian: berze
- Svan: ჟა̈ჴუ̂რა (žäqûra)
- Swahili: mbetula
- Swedish: björk (sv) c
- Tagalog: abedul
- Taos: tų́łęną
- Tatar: каен (tt) (qayen)
- Tibetan: སྟག་པ (stag pa)
- Tofa: ӄадыӈ (qadyň)
- Turkish: huş (tr), huş ağacı
- Tuvan: хадың (xadıñ)
- Ukrainian: бере́за (uk) f (beréza)
- Uyghur: قېيىن (qëyin)
- Uzbek: qayin (uz)
- Venetan: brèdoła f
- Vietnamese: bạch dương (vi) class cây
- Võro: kõiv
- Welsh: bedwen (cy) f
- Written Oirat: ᡍᡇᠰᡇᠨ (xusun), ᡍᡇᠰᡇᡏ (xusum)
- Yakut: хатыҥ (qatıñ)
- Yiddish: בערעזע f (bereze), בעריאָזע f (beryoze)
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birch-bark canoe
- Finnish: tuohikanootti
- Turkish: huş kayığı, huş kanosu
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Verb
birch (third-person singular simple present birches, present participle birching, simple past and past participle birched)
- (transitive) To punish with a stick, bundle of twigs, or rod made of birch wood.
- (transitive) To punish as though one were using a stick, bundle of twigs, or rod made of birch wood.
1902, M. M. Read, “The Midnight Feast”, in The Boy's Own Annual, volume 25, page 63:That the morrow would see us arraigned 'fore the Head
And probably birched with a willow
2012, Charles J. Esdaile, Outpost of Empire: The Napoleonic Occupation of Andalucia, 1810–1812, page 319:[…] and was tied to a tree and soundly birched with a bundle of furze
2013, Hugh Thomas, Conquest: Cortes, Montezuma, and the Fall of Old Mexico, page 292:The Mexica were always washing, in water obtained through the aqueduct, or in the lake, and would often go to the popular baths in the numerous stone steam houses (where birching, with grasses, or massage was also available).
Derived terms
Translations
to punish as if one were using a birch
References
Middle English
Noun
birch
- alternative form of birche