Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/tʳaɢa

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains original research. The reconstruction in this entry is based on published research, but the specific form presented here is not found in prior works.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *tʰoˀəqə (per Werner 2002)
  • *tɔ̄q (per Starostin 1994-2005)
  • *tʰoˀʌqʌ (for Proto-Kettic), *altʰaq (for Proto-Kott-Arinic, per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *tʳaːˀɢe (per Fortescue-Vajda 2022)

Reconstruction notes

A sound shift of /*ʈ/ > /*t͡ɬ/ occurred in Proto-Kottic, which is remarked as an 'odd change' by Fortescue-Vajda (2022).

Etymology

Perhaps composed of *tʳa (“?”) +‎ *-ɢa (nominalizer suffix). Compared to Proto-Athabaskan *čʳəʁʷəs (“merganser”), a similar species of diving ducks.

Noun

*tʳaɢa (plural *tʳaɢa-n)

  1. (zoology, ornithology) a kind of diving duck
    Coordinate terms: *ban (“duck”), *bix (“loon”), *potʳ (“merganser”), *cam (“goose”), *cijga (“swan”), *ɟex (“wood grouse”)

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Imbak Ket: tôq (listed as 'Jenissej-Ostjakisch')
      • Ket: тоӷ (tɔ̄ɢ, tɔ̄ʁ), тоӄ (tɔ̄q, tɔ̄χ), тооӷә (tɔ́ɔ̀ʁə, “golden-eye duck, quaker duck”)
    • Yug: тооʼх (tɔːˀχ, “quaker duck”)
  • Kottic:
    • Kott: althax, altax (“northern shoveler”)

Further reading

  • Hill, Eugen, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Svenja, Bonmann (2024) “'duck'”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[1], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 223 of 216-293
  • Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) “72.) ~*traɢes”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 359
  • Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “*altʰaq”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 1, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 38
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) “(4) tɔʀ (I)”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 276
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