bwrw
Welsh
Etymology
From Middle Welsh bwrw, from Proto-Brythonic *burɣid, from Proto-Celtic *borgīti (compare Old Irish ·díbairg (“throws”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰorǵʰ-éye-ti, an "eye"-causative form of *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise up, elevate”).[1]
Pronunciation
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ˈbʊrʊ/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ˈbuːru/, /ˈbʊru/
- Rhymes: -ʊrʊ
Verb
bwrw (first-person singular present bwriaf)
- to cast, to throw
- Synonyms: taflu, lluchio, hyrddio
- to chuck, to throw away
- Synonym: taflu ymaith
- to throw down, to overthrow, to overcome
- to hit, to strike
- (weather) to precipitate
- Mae hi'n bwrw glaw
- It's raining
- (literally, “It's casting rain”)
- (of animals) to give birth to, to whelp, calve, etc.
Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | bwriaf | bwri | bwria | bwriwn | bwriwch | bwriant | bwrir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/conditional | bwriwn | bwrit | bwriai | bwriem | bwriech | bwrient | bwrid | |
| preterite | bwriais | bwriaist | bwriodd | bwriasom | bwriasoch | bwriasant | bwriwyd | |
| pluperfect | bwriaswn | bwriasit | bwriasai | bwriasem | bwriasech | bwriasent | bwriasid, bwriesid | |
| present subjunctive | bwriwyf | bwriech | bwrio | bwriom | bwrioch | bwriont | bwrier | |
| imperative | — | bwra, bwria | bwried | bwriwn | bwriwch | bwrient | bwrier | |
| verbal noun | ||||||||
| verbal adjectives | bwriedig — | |||||||
| inflected colloquial forms |
singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | bwria i, bwriaf i |
bwri di | bwrith o/e/hi, bwriff e/hi |
bwriwn ni | bwriwch chi | bwrian nhw |
| conditional | bwriwn i, bwriswn i |
bwriet ti, bwriset ti |
bwriai fo/fe/hi, bwrisai fo/fe/hi |
bwrien ni, bwrisen ni |
bwriech chi, bwrisech chi |
bwrien nhw, bwrisen nhw |
| preterite | bwriais i, bwries i |
bwriaist ti, bwriest ti |
bwriodd o/e/hi | bwrion ni | bwrioch chi | bwrion nhw |
| imperative | — | bwria | — | — | bwriwch | — |
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.
Derived terms
- bwrw glaw (“to rain”)
- bwrw eira (“to snow”)
- bwrw cesair, bwrw cenllysg (“to hail”)
- bwrw ymlaen (“to press on, to keep going”)
Mutation
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
|---|---|---|---|
| bwrw | fwrw | mwrw | unchanged |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
References
- ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1995) Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, pages 55–56
Further reading
- D. G. Lewis, N. Lewis, editors (2005–present), “bwrw”, in Gweiadur: the Welsh–English Dictionary, Gwerin
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “bwrw”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies