Navajo
Etymology
chʼí- (“out horizontally”) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zǫ́ǫ́s (imperfective stem of root -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z, “to pull, to tear”).
Stem initial z- becomes d- under d-effect.
Verb
chʼíízǫ́ǫ́s
- he/she is pulling it or dragging it out horizontally (as a chain from a house)
Conjugation
Paradigm: Momentaneous (ni/ni), with partial da-shift.
| imperfective
|
singular
|
duoplural
|
plural
|
| 1st person
|
chʼínísǫ́ǫ́s
|
chʼíniidǫ́ǫ́s
|
chʼídaniidǫ́ǫ́s
|
| 2nd person
|
chʼínízǫ́ǫ́s
|
chʼínóhsǫ́ǫ́s
|
chʼídanohsǫ́ǫ́s
|
| 3rd person
|
chʼíízǫ́ǫ́s
|
chʼídeízǫ́ǫ́s
|
| 4th person
|
chʼíjízǫ́ǫ́s
|
chʼídajízǫ́ǫ́s
|
| perfective
|
singular
|
duoplural
|
plural
|
| 1st person
|
chʼínízǫ́ǫ́z
|
chʼíniidǫ́ǫ́z
|
chʼídaniidǫ́ǫ́z
|
| 2nd person
|
chʼíínízǫ́ǫ́z
|
chʼínoozǫ́ǫ́z
|
chʼídanoozǫ́ǫ́z
|
| 3rd person
|
chʼíinízǫ́ǫ́z
|
chʼídeizǫ́ǫ́z
|
| 4th person
|
chʼízhnízǫ́ǫ́z
|
chʼídajizǫ́ǫ́z
|
| future
|
singular
|
duoplural
|
plural
|
| 1st person
|
chʼídeesǫ́ǫ́s
|
chʼídiidǫ́ǫ́s
|
chʼídadiidǫ́ǫ́s
|
| 2nd person
|
chʼídíízǫ́ǫ́s
|
chʼídoohsǫ́ǫ́s
|
chʼídadoohsǫ́ǫ́s
|
| 3rd person
|
chʼíidoozǫ́ǫ́s
|
chʼídeidoozǫ́ǫ́s
|
| 4th person
|
chʼízhdoozǫ́ǫ́s
|
chʼídazhdoozǫ́ǫ́s
|
Verbal stems
- ITERATIVE: -d + zǫ́ǫ́s = dǫ́ǫ́s
- OPTATIVE: -zǫ́ǫ́s