Navajo
Etymology
ha- (“up out”) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zǫ́ǫ́s (imperfective stem of root -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z, “to pull, to tear”).
Stem initial z- becomes d- under d-effect.
Pronunciation
Verb
haizǫ́ǫ́s
- he/she is ripping it or tearing it out (as a check or a traffic ticket from booklet)
- Siláo naaltsoos shá hayíízǫ́ǫ́z. ― The policeman gave me ticket.
- he/she is pulling it or dragging it up out (as a chain from a hole)
Conjugation
Paradigm: Momentaneous (∅/yi), with da-shift.
| imperfective
|
singular
|
duoplural
|
plural
|
| 1st person
|
haasǫ́ǫ́s
|
haiidǫ́ǫ́s
|
hadeiidǫ́ǫ́s
|
| 2nd person
|
hanizǫ́ǫ́s
|
haahsǫ́ǫ́s
|
hadaahsǫ́ǫ́s
|
| 3rd person
|
haizǫ́ǫ́s
|
hadeizǫ́ǫ́s
|
| 4th person
|
hajizǫ́ǫ́s
|
hadajizǫ́ǫ́s
|
| perfective
|
singular
|
duoplural
|
plural
|
| 1st person
|
háázǫ́ǫ́z
|
haiidǫ́ǫ́z
|
hadasiidǫ́ǫ́z
|
| 2nd person
|
háínízǫ́ǫ́z
|
haoozǫ́ǫ́z
|
hadasoozǫ́ǫ́z
|
| 3rd person
|
hayíízǫ́ǫ́z
|
hadeizǫ́ǫ́z
|
| 4th person
|
hajíízǫ́ǫ́z
|
hadajizǫ́ǫ́z
|
| future
|
singular
|
duoplural
|
plural
|
| 1st person
|
hadeesǫ́ǫ́s
|
hadiidǫ́ǫ́s
|
hadadiidǫ́ǫ́s
|
| 2nd person
|
hadíízǫ́ǫ́s
|
hadoohsǫ́ǫ́s
|
hadadoohsǫ́ǫ́s
|
| 3rd person
|
haidoozǫ́ǫ́s
|
hadeidoozǫ́ǫ́s
|
| 4th person
|
hazhdoozǫ́ǫ́s
|
hadazhdoozǫ́ǫ́s
|
Verbal stems
- ITERATIVE: -d + zǫ́ǫ́s = dǫ́ǫ́s
- OPTATIVE: -zǫ́ǫ́s