Egyptian
Etymology
From Proto-Afroasiatic *ṭVwl- (“long, far”); compare Arabic طَوِيل (ṭawīl, “tall, long”).[1]
Pronunciation
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈtʼaːwan/ → /ˈtʼaːwan/ → /ˈtʼaːwən/ → /ˈtʼoːwən/
Verb
3-lit.
- (transitive) to stretch out
- (intransitive) to be(come) stretched out
Inflection
Conjugation of dwn (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: dwn, geminated stem: dwnn
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
dwn
|
dwnw, dwn
|
dwnt
|
dwn
|
dwn
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
dwn
|
ḥr dwn
|
m dwn
|
r dwn
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
dwn.n
|
dwnw, dwn
|
consecutive
|
dwn.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
dwnt
|
| perfective3
|
dwn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
dwn.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
dwn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
dwn
|
dwnn
|
potentialis1
|
dwn.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
dwn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
dwn.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
dwn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
dwn
|
dwn, dwnw5, dwny5
|
| imperfective
|
dwn, dwny, dwnw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
dwn, dwnj6, dwny6
|
dwn, dwnw5
|
| prospective
|
dwn, dwntj7
|
—
|
dwntj4, dwnt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Descendants
- Demotic: twn
- Akhmimic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲛ (tōn), ⲧⲱⲛⲉ (tōne)
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ (tōoun), ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ (tōounou)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ (tōoun)
- Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ (tōoun), ⲧⲱⲱⲛ (tōōn), ⲧⲱⲛ (tōn), ⲧⲱⲛⲉ (tōne)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ (tōoun), ⲧⲱⲱⲛ (tōōn)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 32