heikko

Finnish

Etymology

Unknown. Related to Ingrian heikko and probably Veps heikembāńe (“weaker”) (South Veps), although such a word is barely attested. Compare also dialectal Võro heik (“vain”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈhei̯kːo/, [ˈhe̞i̯kːo̞]
  • Rhymes: -eikːo
  • Syllabification(key): heik‧ko
  • Hyphenation(key): heik‧ko

Adjective

heikko (comparative heikompi, superlative heikoin)

  1. weak, delicate (unable to sustain a great weight, pressure, or strain)
    Synonyms: hatara, hauras
    Antonyms: vahva, tukeva, luja, vankka
  2. weak, feeble, frail, faint (lacking in force, strength or ability)
    Antonyms: vahva, luja
  3. weak, slight, meager (lacking in taste, potency or severity)
    Antonyms: vahva, luja, kova
  4. weak (unable to withstand temptation, urgency, persuasion, etc.)
    Antonyms: vahva, luja
  5. weak, frail, infirm (not in good health)
    Antonyms: vahva, terve
  6. weak (lacking in vigour or expression)
    Antonyms: vahva, tuikea
  7. faint (barely perceptible)
    Antonyms: luja, vahva, kova
  8. poor, bad (of low or poor quality)
    Synonyms: huono, kehno, surkea
    Antonyms: hyvä, hieno
  9. meagre, scant, deficient, of little means, slender
    Synonyms: vähäinen, niukka
    Antonym: runsas
  10. light, slight, gentle (not forceful or intense)
    Synonyms: kevyt, vähäinen
    Antonyms: rankka, raskas, luja, kova, vahva
  11. (chemistry) weak (that does not ionize completely into anions and cations in a solution)
    Antonym: vahva
  12. (grammar) weak (lenis, of a grade in consonant gradation)
    Antonym: vahva
  13. (grammar) weak (inflecting in a different and usually more regular manner than the one called strong, such as Germanic verbs)
    Antonym: vahva

Declension

Inflection of heikko (Kotus type 1*A/valo, kk-k gradation)
nominative heikko heikot
genitive heikon heikkojen
partitive heikkoa heikkoja
illative heikkoon heikkoihin
singular plural
nominative heikko heikot
accusative nom. heikko heikot
gen. heikon
genitive heikon heikkojen
partitive heikkoa heikkoja
inessive heikossa heikoissa
elative heikosta heikoista
illative heikkoon heikkoihin
adessive heikolla heikoilla
ablative heikolta heikoilta
allative heikolle heikoille
essive heikkona heikkoina
translative heikoksi heikoiksi
abessive heikotta heikoitta
instructive — heikoin
comitative — heikkoine
Possessive forms of heikko (Kotus type 1*A/valo, kk-k gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative heikkoni heikkoni
accusative nom. heikkoni heikkoni
gen. heikkoni
genitive heikkoni heikkojeni
partitive heikkoani heikkojani
inessive heikossani heikoissani
elative heikostani heikoistani
illative heikkooni heikkoihini
adessive heikollani heikoillani
ablative heikoltani heikoiltani
allative heikolleni heikoilleni
essive heikkonani heikkoinani
translative heikokseni heikoikseni
abessive heikottani heikoittani
instructive — —
comitative — heikkoineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative heikkosi heikkosi
accusative nom. heikkosi heikkosi
gen. heikkosi
genitive heikkosi heikkojesi
partitive heikkoasi heikkojasi
inessive heikossasi heikoissasi
elative heikostasi heikoistasi
illative heikkoosi heikkoihisi
adessive heikollasi heikoillasi
ablative heikoltasi heikoiltasi
allative heikollesi heikoillesi
essive heikkonasi heikkoinasi
translative heikoksesi heikoiksesi
abessive heikottasi heikoittasi
instructive — —
comitative — heikkoinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative heikkomme heikkomme
accusative nom. heikkomme heikkomme
gen. heikkomme
genitive heikkomme heikkojemme
partitive heikkoamme heikkojamme
inessive heikossamme heikoissamme
elative heikostamme heikoistamme
illative heikkoomme heikkoihimme
adessive heikollamme heikoillamme
ablative heikoltamme heikoiltamme
allative heikollemme heikoillemme
essive heikkonamme heikkoinamme
translative heikoksemme heikoiksemme
abessive heikottamme heikoittamme
instructive — —
comitative — heikkoinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative heikkonne heikkonne
accusative nom. heikkonne heikkonne
gen. heikkonne
genitive heikkonne heikkojenne
partitive heikkoanne heikkojanne
inessive heikossanne heikoissanne
elative heikostanne heikoistanne
illative heikkoonne heikkoihinne
adessive heikollanne heikoillanne
ablative heikoltanne heikoiltanne
allative heikollenne heikoillenne
essive heikkonanne heikkoinanne
translative heikoksenne heikoiksenne
abessive heikottanne heikoittanne
instructive — —
comitative — heikkoinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative heikkonsa heikkonsa
accusative nom. heikkonsa heikkonsa
gen. heikkonsa
genitive heikkonsa heikkojensa
partitive heikkoaan
heikkoansa 		heikkojaan
heikkojansa
inessive heikossaan
heikossansa 		heikoissaan
heikoissansa
elative heikostaan
heikostansa 		heikoistaan
heikoistansa
illative heikkoonsa heikkoihinsa
adessive heikollaan
heikollansa 		heikoillaan
heikoillansa
ablative heikoltaan
heikoltansa 		heikoiltaan
heikoiltansa
allative heikolleen
heikollensa 		heikoilleen
heikoillensa
essive heikkonaan
heikkonansa 		heikkoinaan
heikkoinansa
translative heikokseen
heikoksensa 		heikoikseen
heikoiksensa
abessive heikottaan
heikottansa 		heikoittaan
heikoittansa
instructive — —
comitative — heikkoineen
heikkoinensa

Derived terms

compounds

Descendants

  • → Karelian:[1]
  • → Ludian: heikko (rare)[1]
  • → Votic: heikko[2]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The Origin of Finnish Words]‎[1] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
  2. ^ Björklöf, Sofia, Jantunen, Santra (2020) “Mutual contacts and lexical relations among the Finnic varieties of western Ingria and northeastern Estonia”, in Multilingual Finnic — Language contact and change (Uralica Helsingiensia; 14)‎[2] (overall work in English), Société Finno-Ougrienne, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 123–124

Further reading

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic [Term?]. Cognates include Finnish heikko and Karelian heikko.

Pronunciation

  • (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈhei̯kːo/, [ˈhe̞i̯kːŏ̞̥]
  • (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈhei̯kːo/, [ˈhe̞i̯kːo̞]
  • (Hevaha) IPA(key): /ˈhei̯kːo/, [ˈhe̞i̯kːo̞]
  • Rhymes: -ei̯kːo
  • Hyphenation: heik‧ko

Adjective

heikko (comparative heikomp)

  1. weak

Declension

Declension of heikko (type 4/koivu, kk-k gradation)
singular plural
nominative heikko heikot
genitive heikon heikkoin, heikkoloin
partitive heikkoa heikkoja, heikkoloja
illative heikkoo heikkoi, heikkoloihe
inessive heikoos heikois, heikkolois
elative heikost heikoist, heikkoloist
allative heikolle heikoille, heikkoloille
adessive heikool heikoil, heikkoloil
ablative heikolt heikoilt, heikkoloilt
translative heikoks heikoiks, heikkoloiks
essive heikkonna, heikkoon heikkoinna, heikkoloinna, heikkoin, heikkoloin
exessive1) heikkont heikkoint, heikkoloint
1) obsolete
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Synonyms

Antonyms

References

  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 54
  • Arvo Laanest (1997) Isuri keele Hevaha murde sõnastik, Eesti Keele Instituut, page 34

Karelian

Regional variants of heikko
North Karelian
(Viena) 		heikko
South Karelian
(Tver) 		heikko

Etymology

Borrowed from Finnish heikko.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈhei̯kːo/
  • Hyphenation: heik‧ko

Adjective

heikko (genitive heikon, partitive heikkuo)

  1. (North Karelian or dialectal) weak

Noun

heikko (genitive heikon, partitive hekkuo)

  1. (South Karelian) bad luck

Declension

Viena Karelian declension of heikko (type 1/tyttö, kk-k gradation)
singular plural
nominative heikko heikot
genitive heikon heikkojen
partitive heikkuo heikkoja
illative heikkoh heikkoloih
inessive heikošša heikkoloissa
elative heikošta heikkoloista
adessive heikolla heikkoloilla
ablative heikolta heikkoloilta
translative heikokši heikkoloiksi
essive heikkona heikkoloina
comitative — heikkoloineh
abessive heikotta heikkoloitta
Tver Karelian declension of heikko (type 1/tyttö kk-k gradation)
singular plural
nominative heikko heikot
genitive heikon heikkoloin
partitive heikkuo heikkoloida
illative heikkoh heikkoloih
inessive heikošša heikkoloissa
elative heikošta heikkoloista
adessive heikolla heikkoloilla
ablative heikolda heikkoloilda
translative heikokši heikkoloiksi
essive heikkona heikkoloina
comitative heikonke heikkoloinke
abessive heikotta heikkoloitta
Possessive forms of heikko
1st person heikkoni
2nd person heikkoš
3rd person heikkoh
*) Possessive forms are very rare for adjectives and only used in substantivised clauses.

References

  • A. V. Punzhina (1994) “heikko”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN
  • P. Zaykov, L. Rugoyeva (1999) “heikko”, in Карельско-Русский словарь (Северно-Карельские диалекты) [Karelian-Russian dictionary (North Karelian dialects)], Petrozavodsk, →ISBN
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