kaduma
Estonian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *katodak, from Proto-Uralic *kaďa-. Cognate with Finnish and Votic katoa.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkɑd̥umɑ/, [ˈkɑd̥umɑ]
- Rhymes: -ɑdumɑ
- Hyphenation: ka‧du‧ma
Verb
kaduma (da-infinitive kaduda)
- (intransitive) to get lost (to end up or go somewhere unknown)
- (intransitive, due to some hindering factor) to disappear (to cease to be visible or audible)
- (intransitive) to get out (to visibly and quickly leave somewhere, from someone)
- Synonym: ära kaduma
- (intransitive) to be gone, to disappear
- 1973, Kultuurileht, editor, Looming[1], page 1680:
- Ööbis tundras, aga hommikul oli juhtkoer kadunud.
- He spent the night in the tundra, but in the morning the guide dog was gone.
- (intransitive, of time) to run out (to pass quickly)
- (intransitive) to die, to pass away
- Synonym: ära kaduma
Conjugation
Conjugation of kaduma (ÕS type 28/õppima, d-ø gradation)
| indicative | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | perfect | ||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||
| 1st sing. | kaon | ei kao | 1st sing. | olen kadunud | ei ole kadunud pole kadunud | ||||
| 2nd sing. | kaod | 2nd sing. | oled kadunud | ||||||
| 3rd sing. | kaob | 3rd sing. | on kadunud | ||||||
| 1st plur. | kaome | 1st plur. | oleme kadunud | ||||||
| 2nd plur. | kaote | 2nd plur. | olete kadunud | ||||||
| 3rd plur. | kaovad | 3rd plur. | on kadunud | ||||||
| impersonal | kaotakse | ei kaota | impersonal | on kaotud | ei ole kaotud pole kaotud | ||||
| past | pluperfect | ||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||
| 1st sing. | kadusin | ei kadunud | 1st sing. | olin kadunud | ei olnud kadunud polnud kadunud | ||||
| 2nd sing. | kadusid | 2nd sing. | olid kadunud | ||||||
| 3rd sing. | kadus | 3rd sing. | oli kadunud | ||||||
| 1st plur. | kadusime | 1st plur. | olime kadunud | ||||||
| 2nd plur. | kadusite | 2nd plur. | olite kadunud | ||||||
| 3rd plur. | kadusid | 3rd plur. | oli kadunud | ||||||
| impersonal | kaoti | ei kaotud | impersonal | oli kaotud | ei olnud kaotud polnud kaotud | ||||
| conditional | |||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||
| 1st sing. | kaoksin | ei kaoks | 1st sing. | kadunuksin oleksin kadunud |
ei kadunuks ei oleks kadunud poleks kadunud | ||||
| 2nd sing. | kaoksid | 2nd sing. | kadunuksid oleksid kadunud | ||||||
| 3rd sing. | kaoks | 3rd sing. | kadunuks oleks kadunud | ||||||
| 1st plur. | kaoksime | 1st plur. | kadunuksime oleksime kadunud | ||||||
| 2nd plur. | kaoksite | 2nd plur. | kadunuksite oleksite kadunud | ||||||
| 3rd plur. | kaoksid | 3rd plur. | kadunuksid oleksid kadunud | ||||||
| impersonal | kaotaks | ei kaotaks | impersonal | oleks kaotud | ei oleks kaotud poleks kaotud | ||||
| imperative | |||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||
| 1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — | ||||
| 2nd sing. | kao | ära kao | 2nd sing. | ole kadunud | ära ole kadunud | ||||
| 3rd sing. | kadugu | ärgu kadugu | 3rd sing. | olgu kadunud | ärgu olgu kadunud | ||||
| 1st plur. | kadugem | ärme kaome ärme kao ärgem kadugem |
1st plur. | olgem kadunud | ärme oleme kadunud ärme ole kadunud ärgem olgem kadunud | ||||
| 2nd plur. | kaduge | ärge kaduge | 2nd plur. | olge kadunud | ärge olge kadunud | ||||
| 3rd plur. | kadugu | ärgu kadugu | 3rd plur. | olgu kadunud | ärgu olgu kadunud | ||||
| impersonal | kaotagu | ärgu kaotagu | impersonal | olgu kaotud | ärgu olgu kaotud | ||||
| quotative | |||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||
| voice | positive | negative | voice | positive | negative | ||||
| active | kaduvat | ei kaduvat | active | olevat kadunud | ei olevat kadunud polevat kadunud | ||||
| passive | kaotavat | ei kaotavat | passive | olevat kaotud | ei olevat kaotud polevat kaotud | ||||
| Nominal forms | |||||||||
| ma-infinitive | active | passive | da-infinitive | present | past | ||||
| nominative | kaduma | kaotama | nominative | kaduda | olla kadunud | ||||
| illative | — | inessive | kadudes | olles kadunud | |||||
| inessive | kadumas | participle | active | passive | |||||
| elative | kadumast | present | kaduv | kaotav | |||||
| translative | kadumaks | past | kadunud | kaotud | |||||
| abessive | kadumata | negative | kadumatu | — | |||||