kapur

See also: Kapur

Indonesian

Etymology

Inherited from Malay kapur, from Proto-Malayic *kapur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qapuʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *qapuʀ (“lime, calcium”). Doublet of kamper.

The initial k- is unexplained (expected reflex is *hapur) and may indicate an alternate byform *kapuʀ according to Blust and Trussel.

Cognates

Cognate with Tagalog apog (“lime”), Tsou hapuyu (“lime”), and Eastern Cham ꨆꨚꨭꨩ (kapū).

Pronunciation

Noun

kapur

  1. lime (any inorganic material containing calcium, usually calcium oxide (quicklime) or calcium hydroxide (slaked lime))
  2. chalk
    1. a soft, white, powdery limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCO3)
    2. a piece of chalk, or nowadays processed compressed gypsum (calcium sulfate, CaSO4), that is used for drawing and for writing on a blackboard (chalkboard)
      Synonym: kapur tulis

Verb

kapur (active mengapur, passive dikapur)

  1. (transitive) to whitewash (to paint over with a lime and water mixture so as to brighten up a wall or fence)

Derived terms

  • kapur barus
  • kapur belanda
  • kapur hidup
  • kapur jahit
  • kapur kembang
  • kapur kuripan
  • kapur mentah
  • kapur tohor
  • kapur tulis

References

  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[1] (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 68
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎[2] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 175
  • Lokotsch, Karl (1927) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der europäischen Wörter orientalischen Ursprungs (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, § 1100, page 88b

Malay

Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *kapur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qapuʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *qapuʀ (“lime, calcium”). Cognate with Tagalog apog (“lime”), Tsou hapuyu (“lime”), Eastern Cham ꨆꨚꨭꨩ (kapū). The initial k- is unexplained (expected reflex is *hapur) and may indicate an alternate byform *kapuʀ according to Blust and Trussel.

Compare the Austroasiatic loanwords: Proto-Mon-Khmer *knpur (“lime”) (whence Khmer កំបោរ (kɑmbao, “lime, quicklime; plaster”), Middle Mon gapuiw (“lime”) > Mon ဂပဵု (həpɒ, “lime, stalked lime”), Vietnamese vôi (“lime”), Muong pôl (“lime”)), as well as Khmer កប៌ូរ (kāpōr, “camphor”) and possibly Sanskrit कर्पूर (karpūra).

Mayrhofer explains the anlaut variation observed in the descendants by the Austronesian prefix-variation kar- : kam- : ka-.

Pronunciation

  • (Johor-Riau) IPA(key): /ˈkapo(r)/ [ˈka.po(r)]
    • Rhymes: -apor, -apo
  • (Baku) IPA(key): /ˈkapur/ [ˈka.pur]
    • Rhymes: -apur, -pur, -ur
  • Hyphenation: ka‧pur

Noun

kapur (Jawi spelling کاڤور)

  1. lime (calcium oxide, quicklime)

Derived terms

Affixed terms and other derivations

Regular affixed derivations:

  • pekapuran [passive / name of profession + resultative / locative / collective / variety / verbal noun / fruit] (pe- + -an)
  • mengapur [agent focus] (meN-)
  • mengapuri [agent focus + causative (locative) benefactive] (meN- + -i)
  • dikapuri [patient focus + causative (locative) benefactive] (di- + -i)
  • berkapur [stative / habitual] (beR-)

Irregular affixed derivations, other derivations and compound words:

  • batu kapur
  • kapur barus
  • kapur mati
  • kapur sirih
  • kapur tohor
  • kapur tulis
  • tanah kapur

Descendants

  • > Indonesian: kapur (inherited)
  • → Japanese: カンフル (kanfuru)
  • → Korean: 캠퍼 (kaempeo)
  • → Medieval Latin: camphora
  • → Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭠𐭯𐭥𐭫 (kʾp̄wl /⁠kāpūr⁠/)
    • → Arabic: كَافُور (kāfūr), قَافُور (qāfūr), قَفُّور (qaffūr) — obsolete
      • Andalusian Arabic: كافور (al-kāfūr)
      • → Aramaic:
        Classical Syriac: ܟܐܦܘܪ, ܩܦܘܪ
        Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כפורא, כופרא
      • → Byzantine Greek: καφουρά f (kaphourá), καφούρα f (kaphoúra), καφούριoν n (kaphoúrion), καφοῦριν n (kaphoûrin)
      • → Georgian: ქაფური (kapuri)
      • → Kurdish:
        Northern Kurdish: kafûr
        Central Kurdish: کافوور (kafûr)
        Southern Kurdish: کافوور (kafûr)
      • → Latin: caphura
        • → Catalan: càmfora
        • →? Albanian: kamfuri
      • → Persian: کافور (kâfur)
        • → Middle Armenian: քաֆուր (kʻafur)
          • Armenian: քաֆուր (kʻafur)
        • → Punjabi:
          Gurmukhi script: ਕਾਫ਼ੂਰ (kāfūr)
          Shahmukhi script: كافور (kāfūr)
      • → Turkish: kâfur
    • → Aramaic:
      • Classical Syriac: ܟܐܦܘܪ (kāp̄ūr)
      • Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כאפור (kāp̄ūr)
    • → Old Armenian: քափուր (kʻapʻur), կափուր (kapʻur)
      • Armenian: քափուր (kʻapʻur)
  • → Pali: kappūra
  • → Sanskrit: कर्पूर (karpūra)
  • → Sogdian: ܟܦܐܘܪ (kpʾwr /⁠kapūr⁠/)
  • → Tagalog: kapol

References

  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[3] (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 68
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎[4] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 175
  • Lokotsch, Karl (1927) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der europäischen Wörter orientalischen Ursprungs (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, § 1100, page 88b

Further reading

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