Estonian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *kuludak.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkulumɑ/, [ˈkulumɑ]
Verb
kuluma (da-infinitive kuluda)
- to be/get consumed
- to need, to be needed, to become necessary
- to take (time)
Minu projektile kulus aasta.- My project took a year.
Conjugation
Conjugation of kuluma (ÕS type 27/elama, no gradation)
| indicative
|
| present
|
perfect
|
| person
|
positive
|
negative
|
person
|
positive
|
negative
|
| 1st sing.
|
kulun
|
ei kulu
|
1st sing.
|
olen kulunud
|
ei ole kulunud
pole kulunud
|
| 2nd sing.
|
kulud
|
2nd sing.
|
oled kulunud
|
| 3rd sing.
|
kulub
|
3rd sing.
|
on kulunud
|
| 1st plur.
|
kulume
|
1st plur.
|
oleme kulunud
|
| 2nd plur.
|
kulute
|
2nd plur.
|
olete kulunud
|
| 3rd plur.
|
kuluvad
|
3rd plur.
|
on kulunud
|
| impersonal
|
kulutakse
|
ei kuluta
|
impersonal
|
on kulutud
|
ei ole kulutud
pole kulutud
|
| past
|
pluperfect
|
| person
|
positive
|
negative
|
person
|
positive
|
negative
|
| 1st sing.
|
kulusin
|
ei kulunud
|
1st sing.
|
olin kulunud
|
ei olnud kulunud
polnud kulunud
|
| 2nd sing.
|
kulusid
|
2nd sing.
|
olid kulunud
|
| 3rd sing.
|
kulus
|
3rd sing.
|
oli kulunud
|
| 1st plur.
|
kulusime
|
1st plur.
|
olime kulunud
|
| 2nd plur.
|
kulusite
|
2nd plur.
|
olite kulunud
|
| 3rd plur.
|
kulusid
|
3rd plur.
|
oli kulunud
|
| impersonal
|
kuluti
|
ei kulutud
|
impersonal
|
oli kulutud
|
ei olnud kulutud
polnud kulutud
|
| conditional
|
| present
|
perfect
|
| person
|
positive
|
negative
|
person
|
positive
|
negative
|
| 1st sing.
|
kuluksin
|
ei kuluks
|
1st sing.
|
kulunuksin
oleksin kulunud
|
ei kulunuks
ei oleks kulunud
poleks kulunud
|
| 2nd sing.
|
kuluksid
|
2nd sing.
|
kulunuksid
oleksid kulunud
|
| 3rd sing.
|
kuluks
|
3rd sing.
|
kulunuks
oleks kulunud
|
| 1st plur.
|
kuluksime
|
1st plur.
|
kulunuksime
oleksime kulunud
|
| 2nd plur.
|
kuluksite
|
2nd plur.
|
kulunuksite
oleksite kulunud
|
| 3rd plur.
|
kuluksid
|
3rd plur.
|
kulunuksid
oleksid kulunud
|
| impersonal
|
kulutaks
|
ei kulutaks
|
impersonal
|
oleks kulutud
|
ei oleks kulutud
poleks kulutud
|
| imperative
|
| present
|
perfect
|
| person
|
positive
|
negative
|
person
|
positive
|
negative
|
| 1st sing.
|
—
|
—
|
1st sing.
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd sing.
|
kulu
|
ära kulu
|
2nd sing.
|
ole kulunud
|
ära ole kulunud
|
| 3rd sing.
|
kulugu
|
ärgu kulugu
|
3rd sing.
|
olgu kulunud
|
ärgu olgu kulunud
|
| 1st plur.
|
kulugem
|
ärme kulume
ärme kulu
ärgem kulugem
|
1st plur.
|
olgem kulunud
|
ärme oleme kulunud
ärme ole kulunud
ärgem olgem kulunud
|
| 2nd plur.
|
kuluge
|
ärge kuluge
|
2nd plur.
|
olge kulunud
|
ärge olge kulunud
|
| 3rd plur.
|
kulugu
|
ärgu kulugu
|
3rd plur.
|
olgu kulunud
|
ärgu olgu kulunud
|
| impersonal
|
kulutagu
|
ärgu kulutagu
|
impersonal
|
olgu kulutud
|
ärgu olgu kulutud
|
| quotative
|
| present
|
perfect
|
| voice
|
positive
|
negative
|
voice
|
positive
|
negative
|
| active
|
kuluvat
|
ei kuluvat
|
active
|
olevat kulunud
|
ei olevat kulunud
polevat kulunud
|
| passive
|
kulutavat
|
ei kulutavat
|
passive
|
olevat kulutud
|
ei olevat kulutud
polevat kulutud
|
| Nominal forms
|
| ma-infinitive
|
active
|
passive
|
da-infinitive
|
present
|
past
|
| nominative
|
kuluma
|
kulutama
|
nominative
|
kuluda
|
olla kulunud
|
| illative
|
—
|
inessive
|
kuludes
|
olles kulunud
|
| inessive
|
kulumas
|
participle
|
active
|
passive
|
| elative
|
kulumast
|
present
|
kuluv
|
kulutav
|
| translative
|
kulumaks
|
past
|
kulunud
|
kulutud
|
| abessive
|
kulumata
|
negative
|
kulumatu
|
—
|
Further reading
Finnish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkulumɑ/, [ˈkulumɑ̝]
- Rhymes: -ulumɑ
- Syllabification(key): ku‧lu‧ma
- Hyphenation(key): ku‧lu‧ma
Etymology 1
From kulua (“to wear, erode”) + -ma.
Noun
kuluma
- abrasion
Declension
| Inflection of kuluma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
|
| nominative
|
kuluma
|
kulumat
|
| genitive
|
kuluman
|
kulumien
|
| partitive
|
kulumaa
|
kulumia
|
| illative
|
kulumaan
|
kulumiin
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
kuluma
|
kulumat
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
kuluma
|
kulumat
|
| gen.
|
kuluman
|
| genitive
|
kuluman
|
kulumien
kulumain rare
|
| partitive
|
kulumaa
|
kulumia
|
| inessive
|
kulumassa
|
kulumissa
|
| elative
|
kulumasta
|
kulumista
|
| illative
|
kulumaan
|
kulumiin
|
| adessive
|
kulumalla
|
kulumilla
|
| ablative
|
kulumalta
|
kulumilta
|
| allative
|
kulumalle
|
kulumille
|
| essive
|
kulumana
|
kulumina
|
| translative
|
kulumaksi
|
kulumiksi
|
| abessive
|
kulumatta
|
kulumitta
|
| instructive
|
—
|
kulumin
|
| comitative
|
See the possessive forms below.
|
| first-person singular possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
kulumani
|
kulumani
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
kulumani
|
kulumani
|
| gen.
|
kulumani
|
| genitive
|
kulumani
|
kulumieni
kulumaini rare
|
| partitive
|
kulumaani
|
kulumiani
|
| inessive
|
kulumassani
|
kulumissani
|
| elative
|
kulumastani
|
kulumistani
|
| illative
|
kulumaani
|
kulumiini
|
| adessive
|
kulumallani
|
kulumillani
|
| ablative
|
kulumaltani
|
kulumiltani
|
| allative
|
kulumalleni
|
kulumilleni
|
| essive
|
kulumanani
|
kuluminani
|
| translative
|
kulumakseni
|
kulumikseni
|
| abessive
|
kulumattani
|
kulumittani
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
kulumineni
|
| second-person singular possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
kulumasi
|
kulumasi
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
kulumasi
|
kulumasi
|
| gen.
|
kulumasi
|
| genitive
|
kulumasi
|
kulumiesi
kulumaisi rare
|
| partitive
|
kulumaasi
|
kulumiasi
|
| inessive
|
kulumassasi
|
kulumissasi
|
| elative
|
kulumastasi
|
kulumistasi
|
| illative
|
kulumaasi
|
kulumiisi
|
| adessive
|
kulumallasi
|
kulumillasi
|
| ablative
|
kulumaltasi
|
kulumiltasi
|
| allative
|
kulumallesi
|
kulumillesi
|
| essive
|
kulumanasi
|
kuluminasi
|
| translative
|
kulumaksesi
|
kulumiksesi
|
| abessive
|
kulumattasi
|
kulumittasi
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
kuluminesi
|
| first-person plural possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
kulumamme
|
kulumamme
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
kulumamme
|
kulumamme
|
| gen.
|
kulumamme
|
| genitive
|
kulumamme
|
kulumiemme
kulumaimme rare
|
| partitive
|
kulumaamme
|
kulumiamme
|
| inessive
|
kulumassamme
|
kulumissamme
|
| elative
|
kulumastamme
|
kulumistamme
|
| illative
|
kulumaamme
|
kulumiimme
|
| adessive
|
kulumallamme
|
kulumillamme
|
| ablative
|
kulumaltamme
|
kulumiltamme
|
| allative
|
kulumallemme
|
kulumillemme
|
| essive
|
kulumanamme
|
kuluminamme
|
| translative
|
kulumaksemme
|
kulumiksemme
|
| abessive
|
kulumattamme
|
kulumittamme
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
kuluminemme
|
| second-person plural possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
kulumanne
|
kulumanne
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
kulumanne
|
kulumanne
|
| gen.
|
kulumanne
|
| genitive
|
kulumanne
|
kulumienne
kulumainne rare
|
| partitive
|
kulumaanne
|
kulumianne
|
| inessive
|
kulumassanne
|
kulumissanne
|
| elative
|
kulumastanne
|
kulumistanne
|
| illative
|
kulumaanne
|
kulumiinne
|
| adessive
|
kulumallanne
|
kulumillanne
|
| ablative
|
kulumaltanne
|
kulumiltanne
|
| allative
|
kulumallenne
|
kulumillenne
|
| essive
|
kulumananne
|
kuluminanne
|
| translative
|
kulumaksenne
|
kulumiksenne
|
| abessive
|
kulumattanne
|
kulumittanne
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
kuluminenne
|
| third-person possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
kulumansa
|
kulumansa
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
kulumansa
|
kulumansa
|
| gen.
|
kulumansa
|
| genitive
|
kulumansa
|
kulumiensa
kulumainsa rare
|
| partitive
|
kulumaansa
|
kulumiaan
kulumiansa
|
| inessive
|
kulumassaan
kulumassansa
|
kulumissaan
kulumissansa
|
| elative
|
kulumastaan
kulumastansa
|
kulumistaan
kulumistansa
|
| illative
|
kulumaansa
|
kulumiinsa
|
| adessive
|
kulumallaan
kulumallansa
|
kulumillaan
kulumillansa
|
| ablative
|
kulumaltaan
kulumaltansa
|
kulumiltaan
kulumiltansa
|
| allative
|
kulumalleen
kulumallensa
|
kulumilleen
kulumillensa
|
| essive
|
kulumanaan
kulumanansa
|
kuluminaan
kuluminansa
|
| translative
|
kulumakseen
kulumaksensa
|
kulumikseen
kulumiksensa
|
| abessive
|
kulumattaan
kulumattansa
|
kulumittaan
kulumittansa
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
kulumineen
kuluminensa
|
|
Derived terms
Further reading
Etymology 2
Noun
kuluma (dialectal)
- alternative form of kulma
Declension
| Inflection of kuluma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
|
| nominative
|
kuluma
|
kulumat
|
| genitive
|
kuluman
|
kulumien
|
| partitive
|
kulumaa
|
kulumia
|
| illative
|
kulumaan
|
kulumiin
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
kuluma
|
kulumat
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
kuluma
|
kulumat
|
| gen.
|
kuluman
|
| genitive
|
kuluman
|
kulumien
kulumain rare
|
| partitive
|
kulumaa
|
kulumia
|
| inessive
|
kulumassa
|
kulumissa
|
| elative
|
kulumasta
|
kulumista
|
| illative
|
kulumaan
|
kulumiin
|
| adessive
|
kulumalla
|
kulumilla
|
| ablative
|
kulumalta
|
kulumilta
|
| allative
|
kulumalle
|
kulumille
|
| essive
|
kulumana
|
kulumina
|
| translative
|
kulumaksi
|
kulumiksi
|
| abessive
|
kulumatta
|
kulumitta
|
| instructive
|
—
|
kulumin
|
| comitative
|
See the possessive forms below.
|
| first-person singular possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
kulumani
|
kulumani
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
kulumani
|
kulumani
|
| gen.
|
kulumani
|
| genitive
|
kulumani
|
kulumieni
kulumaini rare
|
| partitive
|
kulumaani
|
kulumiani
|
| inessive
|
kulumassani
|
kulumissani
|
| elative
|
kulumastani
|
kulumistani
|
| illative
|
kulumaani
|
kulumiini
|
| adessive
|
kulumallani
|
kulumillani
|
| ablative
|
kulumaltani
|
kulumiltani
|
| allative
|
kulumalleni
|
kulumilleni
|
| essive
|
kulumanani
|
kuluminani
|
| translative
|
kulumakseni
|
kulumikseni
|
| abessive
|
kulumattani
|
kulumittani
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
kulumineni
|
| second-person singular possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
kulumasi
|
kulumasi
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
kulumasi
|
kulumasi
|
| gen.
|
kulumasi
|
| genitive
|
kulumasi
|
kulumiesi
kulumaisi rare
|
| partitive
|
kulumaasi
|
kulumiasi
|
| inessive
|
kulumassasi
|
kulumissasi
|
| elative
|
kulumastasi
|
kulumistasi
|
| illative
|
kulumaasi
|
kulumiisi
|
| adessive
|
kulumallasi
|
kulumillasi
|
| ablative
|
kulumaltasi
|
kulumiltasi
|
| allative
|
kulumallesi
|
kulumillesi
|
| essive
|
kulumanasi
|
kuluminasi
|
| translative
|
kulumaksesi
|
kulumiksesi
|
| abessive
|
kulumattasi
|
kulumittasi
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
kuluminesi
|
| first-person plural possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
kulumamme
|
kulumamme
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
kulumamme
|
kulumamme
|
| gen.
|
kulumamme
|
| genitive
|
kulumamme
|
kulumiemme
kulumaimme rare
|
| partitive
|
kulumaamme
|
kulumiamme
|
| inessive
|
kulumassamme
|
kulumissamme
|
| elative
|
kulumastamme
|
kulumistamme
|
| illative
|
kulumaamme
|
kulumiimme
|
| adessive
|
kulumallamme
|
kulumillamme
|
| ablative
|
kulumaltamme
|
kulumiltamme
|
| allative
|
kulumallemme
|
kulumillemme
|
| essive
|
kulumanamme
|
kuluminamme
|
| translative
|
kulumaksemme
|
kulumiksemme
|
| abessive
|
kulumattamme
|
kulumittamme
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
kuluminemme
|
| second-person plural possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
kulumanne
|
kulumanne
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
kulumanne
|
kulumanne
|
| gen.
|
kulumanne
|
| genitive
|
kulumanne
|
kulumienne
kulumainne rare
|
| partitive
|
kulumaanne
|
kulumianne
|
| inessive
|
kulumassanne
|
kulumissanne
|
| elative
|
kulumastanne
|
kulumistanne
|
| illative
|
kulumaanne
|
kulumiinne
|
| adessive
|
kulumallanne
|
kulumillanne
|
| ablative
|
kulumaltanne
|
kulumiltanne
|
| allative
|
kulumallenne
|
kulumillenne
|
| essive
|
kulumananne
|
kuluminanne
|
| translative
|
kulumaksenne
|
kulumiksenne
|
| abessive
|
kulumattanne
|
kulumittanne
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
kuluminenne
|
| third-person possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
kulumansa
|
kulumansa
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
kulumansa
|
kulumansa
|
| gen.
|
kulumansa
|
| genitive
|
kulumansa
|
kulumiensa
kulumainsa rare
|
| partitive
|
kulumaansa
|
kulumiaan
kulumiansa
|
| inessive
|
kulumassaan
kulumassansa
|
kulumissaan
kulumissansa
|
| elative
|
kulumastaan
kulumastansa
|
kulumistaan
kulumistansa
|
| illative
|
kulumaansa
|
kulumiinsa
|
| adessive
|
kulumallaan
kulumallansa
|
kulumillaan
kulumillansa
|
| ablative
|
kulumaltaan
kulumaltansa
|
kulumiltaan
kulumiltansa
|
| allative
|
kulumalleen
kulumallensa
|
kulumilleen
kulumillensa
|
| essive
|
kulumanaan
kulumanansa
|
kuluminaan
kuluminansa
|
| translative
|
kulumakseen
kulumaksensa
|
kulumikseen
kulumiksensa
|
| abessive
|
kulumattaan
kulumattansa
|
kulumittaan
kulumittansa
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
kulumineen
kuluminensa
|
|
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