Esperanto
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈpulma/
- Rhymes: -ulma
- Hyphenation: pul‧ma
Adjective
pulma (accusative singular pulman, plural pulmaj, accusative plural pulmajn)
- pulmonic, pulmonary (pertaining or relative to the lungs)
Estonian
Noun
pulma
- genitive singular of pulm
- partitive singular of pulm
- illative singular of pulm
Finnish
Etymology
Unknown origin. Probably cognate with Ingrian pulmalliin (“difficult”). According to Koponen (1998), compare also to Võro pulmama (“to figure out”).[1]
The nature of a relationship with Estonian pulm (plural pulmad), Ingrian pulmat and Votic pulmõd (all "wedding") is unclear, but a semantic development from an original meaning "noise, racket, ruckus" may be possible.[2] Alternatively, an obscured derivational relationship to pula (“shortage, crisis”) may be possible, in which case the Finnish word is not related to those aforementioned words meaning "wedding".
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈpulmɑ/, [ˈpulmɑ̝]
- Rhymes: -ulmɑ
- Syllabification(key): pul‧ma
- Hyphenation(key): pul‧ma
Noun
pulma
- trouble, problem
- Synonyms: see ongelma
- dilemma, conundrum (difficult choice or decision that must be made)
- puzzle, riddle, brain-teaser, conundrum (difficult question or riddle)
- Synonyms: see ongelma
Declension
| Inflection of pulma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
|
| nominative
|
pulma
|
pulmat
|
| genitive
|
pulman
|
pulmien
|
| partitive
|
pulmaa
|
pulmia
|
| illative
|
pulmaan
|
pulmiin
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
pulma
|
pulmat
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
pulma
|
pulmat
|
| gen.
|
pulman
|
| genitive
|
pulman
|
pulmien
pulmain rare
|
| partitive
|
pulmaa
|
pulmia
|
| inessive
|
pulmassa
|
pulmissa
|
| elative
|
pulmasta
|
pulmista
|
| illative
|
pulmaan
|
pulmiin
|
| adessive
|
pulmalla
|
pulmilla
|
| ablative
|
pulmalta
|
pulmilta
|
| allative
|
pulmalle
|
pulmille
|
| essive
|
pulmana
|
pulmina
|
| translative
|
pulmaksi
|
pulmiksi
|
| abessive
|
pulmatta
|
pulmitta
|
| instructive
|
—
|
pulmin
|
| comitative
|
See the possessive forms below.
|
| first-person singular possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
pulmani
|
pulmani
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
pulmani
|
pulmani
|
| gen.
|
pulmani
|
| genitive
|
pulmani
|
pulmieni
pulmaini rare
|
| partitive
|
pulmaani
|
pulmiani
|
| inessive
|
pulmassani
|
pulmissani
|
| elative
|
pulmastani
|
pulmistani
|
| illative
|
pulmaani
|
pulmiini
|
| adessive
|
pulmallani
|
pulmillani
|
| ablative
|
pulmaltani
|
pulmiltani
|
| allative
|
pulmalleni
|
pulmilleni
|
| essive
|
pulmanani
|
pulminani
|
| translative
|
pulmakseni
|
pulmikseni
|
| abessive
|
pulmattani
|
pulmittani
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
pulmineni
|
| second-person singular possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
pulmasi
|
pulmasi
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
pulmasi
|
pulmasi
|
| gen.
|
pulmasi
|
| genitive
|
pulmasi
|
pulmiesi
pulmaisi rare
|
| partitive
|
pulmaasi
|
pulmiasi
|
| inessive
|
pulmassasi
|
pulmissasi
|
| elative
|
pulmastasi
|
pulmistasi
|
| illative
|
pulmaasi
|
pulmiisi
|
| adessive
|
pulmallasi
|
pulmillasi
|
| ablative
|
pulmaltasi
|
pulmiltasi
|
| allative
|
pulmallesi
|
pulmillesi
|
| essive
|
pulmanasi
|
pulminasi
|
| translative
|
pulmaksesi
|
pulmiksesi
|
| abessive
|
pulmattasi
|
pulmittasi
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
pulminesi
|
| first-person plural possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
pulmamme
|
pulmamme
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
pulmamme
|
pulmamme
|
| gen.
|
pulmamme
|
| genitive
|
pulmamme
|
pulmiemme
pulmaimme rare
|
| partitive
|
pulmaamme
|
pulmiamme
|
| inessive
|
pulmassamme
|
pulmissamme
|
| elative
|
pulmastamme
|
pulmistamme
|
| illative
|
pulmaamme
|
pulmiimme
|
| adessive
|
pulmallamme
|
pulmillamme
|
| ablative
|
pulmaltamme
|
pulmiltamme
|
| allative
|
pulmallemme
|
pulmillemme
|
| essive
|
pulmanamme
|
pulminamme
|
| translative
|
pulmaksemme
|
pulmiksemme
|
| abessive
|
pulmattamme
|
pulmittamme
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
pulminemme
|
| second-person plural possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
pulmanne
|
pulmanne
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
pulmanne
|
pulmanne
|
| gen.
|
pulmanne
|
| genitive
|
pulmanne
|
pulmienne
pulmainne rare
|
| partitive
|
pulmaanne
|
pulmianne
|
| inessive
|
pulmassanne
|
pulmissanne
|
| elative
|
pulmastanne
|
pulmistanne
|
| illative
|
pulmaanne
|
pulmiinne
|
| adessive
|
pulmallanne
|
pulmillanne
|
| ablative
|
pulmaltanne
|
pulmiltanne
|
| allative
|
pulmallenne
|
pulmillenne
|
| essive
|
pulmananne
|
pulminanne
|
| translative
|
pulmaksenne
|
pulmiksenne
|
| abessive
|
pulmattanne
|
pulmittanne
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
pulminenne
|
| third-person possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
pulmansa
|
pulmansa
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
pulmansa
|
pulmansa
|
| gen.
|
pulmansa
|
| genitive
|
pulmansa
|
pulmiensa
pulmainsa rare
|
| partitive
|
pulmaansa
|
pulmiaan
pulmiansa
|
| inessive
|
pulmassaan
pulmassansa
|
pulmissaan
pulmissansa
|
| elative
|
pulmastaan
pulmastansa
|
pulmistaan
pulmistansa
|
| illative
|
pulmaansa
|
pulmiinsa
|
| adessive
|
pulmallaan
pulmallansa
|
pulmillaan
pulmillansa
|
| ablative
|
pulmaltaan
pulmaltansa
|
pulmiltaan
pulmiltansa
|
| allative
|
pulmalleen
pulmallensa
|
pulmilleen
pulmillensa
|
| essive
|
pulmanaan
pulmanansa
|
pulminaan
pulminansa
|
| translative
|
pulmakseen
pulmaksensa
|
pulmikseen
pulmiksensa
|
| abessive
|
pulmattaan
pulmattansa
|
pulmittaan
pulmittansa
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
pulmineen
pulminensa
|
|
Derived terms
References
- ^ Eino Koponen. Eteläviron murteen sanaston alkuperä: itämerensuomalaista etymologiaa. SUST 230 (1998). p. 115
- ^ Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The Origin of Finnish Words][1] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
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