ructo

Latin

Etymology

From *rūgō (to belch, whence rū̆ctus (“belch”) and ērūgō) +‎ -tō (frequentative suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewg- (“belch, roar”). Cognate with Old English rocettan (“to belch”) and Ancient Greek ἐρεύγομαι (ereúgomai, “to belch, vomit, emit”).

Pronunciation

  • (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈruːk.toː], [ˈrʊk.toː]
  • (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈruk.t̪o]
  • The u in the first syllable is short per De Vaan (2008)[1] and Wartburg (1928–2002);[2] long per Bennett (1907)[3] (who however says that there is Romance evidence for both long ū and short ŭ).

Verb

rū̆ctō (present infinitive rū̆ctāre, perfect active rū̆ctāvī, supine rū̆ctātum); first conjugation

  1. to belch, eructate
  2. (figurative) to bring up noisily

Conjugation

   Conjugation of rū̆ctō (first conjugation)
indicative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present rū̆ctō rū̆ctās rū̆ctat rū̆ctāmus rū̆ctātis rū̆ctant
imperfect rū̆ctābam rū̆ctābās rū̆ctābat rū̆ctābāmus rū̆ctābātis rū̆ctābant
future rū̆ctābō rū̆ctābis rū̆ctābit rū̆ctābimus rū̆ctābitis rū̆ctābunt
perfect rū̆ctāvī rū̆ctāvistī rū̆ctāvit rū̆ctāvimus rū̆ctāvistis rū̆ctāvērunt,
rū̆ctāvēre
pluperfect rū̆ctāveram rū̆ctāverās rū̆ctāverat rū̆ctāverāmus rū̆ctāverātis rū̆ctāverant
future perfect rū̆ctāverō rū̆ctāveris rū̆ctāverit rū̆ctāverimus rū̆ctāveritis rū̆ctāverint
passive present rū̆ctor rū̆ctāris,
rū̆ctāre 		rū̆ctātur rū̆ctāmur rū̆ctāminī rū̆ctantur
imperfect rū̆ctābar rū̆ctābāris,
rū̆ctābāre 		rū̆ctābātur rū̆ctābāmur rū̆ctābāminī rū̆ctābantur
future rū̆ctābor rū̆ctāberis,
rū̆ctābere 		rū̆ctābitur rū̆ctābimur rū̆ctābiminī rū̆ctābuntur
perfect rū̆ctātus + present active indicative of sum
pluperfect rū̆ctātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
future perfect rū̆ctātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive singular plural
first second third first second third
active present rū̆ctem rū̆ctēs rū̆ctet rū̆ctēmus rū̆ctētis rū̆ctent
imperfect rū̆ctārem rū̆ctārēs rū̆ctāret rū̆ctārēmus rū̆ctārētis rū̆ctārent
perfect rū̆ctāverim rū̆ctāverīs rū̆ctāverit rū̆ctāverīmus rū̆ctāverītis rū̆ctāverint
pluperfect rū̆ctāvissem rū̆ctāvissēs rū̆ctāvisset rū̆ctāvissēmus rū̆ctāvissētis rū̆ctāvissent
passive present rū̆cter rū̆ctēris,
rū̆ctēre 		rū̆ctētur rū̆ctēmur rū̆ctēminī rū̆ctentur
imperfect rū̆ctārer rū̆ctārēris,
rū̆ctārēre 		rū̆ctārētur rū̆ctārēmur rū̆ctārēminī rū̆ctārentur
perfect rū̆ctātus + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect rū̆ctātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present — rū̆ctā — — rū̆ctāte —
future — rū̆ctātō rū̆ctātō — rū̆ctātōte rū̆ctantō
passive present — rū̆ctāre — — rū̆ctāminī —
future — rū̆ctātor rū̆ctātor — — rū̆ctantor
non-finite forms infinitive participle
active passive active passive
present rū̆ctāre rū̆ctārī rū̆ctāns —
future rū̆ctātūrum esse rū̆ctātum īrī rū̆ctātūrus rū̆ctandus
perfect rū̆ctāvisse rū̆ctātum esse — rū̆ctātus
future perfect — rū̆ctātum fore — —
perfect potential rū̆ctātūrum fuisse — — —
verbal nouns gerund supine
genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
rū̆ctandī rū̆ctandō rū̆ctandum rū̆ctandō rū̆ctātum rū̆ctātū

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Italo-Romance:
    • Italian: ruttare
    • Neapolitan: gruttà
  • North Italian:
    • Emilian: rugiar
    • Ligurian: reuitâ, ruis-cé, ris-cià ⇒ rutexâr
    • Lombard: ruitar ⇒ rotexar
      Alpine: ruciar
    • Piedmontese: rutié, rocià, rugé
  • Ibero-Romance:
  • ⇒ Latin: ērūctō, ērū̆ctuō (Late Latin)
  • ⇒ Vulgar Latin: [Term?], *rūctīre
    • Padanian:
    • Southern Gallo-Romance:
  • ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *ruptō
    • Padanian:
      • Lombard: reucar
      • Piedmontese: rauté
    • Northern Gallo-Romance:
    • Southern Gallo-Romance:

References

  1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-rūgō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 529
  2. ^ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “rŭctare”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 10: R, page 539
  3. ^ Bennett, Charles E. (1907) The Latin Language: a historical outline of its sounds, inflections, and syntax, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, page 64

Further reading

  • “ructo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “ructo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • ructo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
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