vyañjana
Pali
Alternative forms
Alternative scripts
- 𑀯𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦 (Brahmi script)
- व्यञ्जन (Devanagari script)
- ৰ্যঞ্জন (Bengali script)
- ව්යඤ්ජන (Sinhalese script)
- ဝျဉ္ဇန or ဝျၺ္ၹၼ or ဝျၺ်ၹၼ (Burmese script)
- วฺยญฺชน or วยัญชะนะ (Thai script)
- ᩅ᩠ᨿᨬ᩠ᨩᨶ (Tai Tham script)
- ວ຺ຍຎ຺ຊນ or ວຍັຎຊະນະ or ວຢັຎຊະນະ (Lao script)
- វ្យញ្ជន (Khmer script)
- 𑅇𑄳𑄠𑄐𑄴𑄎𑄚 (Chakma script)
Alternative scripts
- byañjana (Latin script)
- 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦 (Brahmi script)
- ब्यञ्जन (Devanagari script)
- ব্যঞ্জন (Bengali script)
- බ්යඤ්ජන (Sinhalese script)
- ဗျဉ္ဇန or ၿျၺ္ၹၼ or ၿျၺ်ၹၼ (Burmese script)
- พฺยญฺชน or พยัญชะนะ (Thai script)
- ᨻ᩠ᨿᨬ᩠ᨩᨶ (Tai Tham script)
- ພ຺ຍຎ຺ຊນ or ພຍັຎຊະນະ or ພຢັຎຊະນະ (Lao script)
- ព្យញ្ជន (Khmer script)
- 𑄝𑄳𑄠𑄐𑄴𑄎𑄚 (Chakma script)
Etymology
Inherited from Sanskrit व्यञ्जन (vyañjana). By surface analysis, vi- + añj (“to daub”) + -ana. The sense 'letter' is a shared innovation of the early Prakrits, taken up by Sanskrit.
Noun
vyañjana n
- sign
- mark
- (grammar) letter
- c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar][1] (overall work in Pali), page 4; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:
- क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र, ल, व, स, ह, ळ, ं। इति व्यञ्जन नाम होन्ति।
- Ka, kha, ga, gha, ṅa, ca, cha, ja, jha, ña, ṭa, ṭha, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa, ta, tha, da, dha, na, pa, pha, ba, bha, ma, ya, ra, la, va, sa, ha, ḷa, aṃ, iti vyañjanā nāma honti.
- 'k', 'kh', 'g', 'gh', 'ṅ', 'c', 'ch', 'j', 'jh', 'ñ, 'ṭ', 'ṭh', 'ḍ', 'ḍh', 'ṇ', 't', 'th', 'd', 'dh', 'n', 'p', 'ph', 'b', 'bh', 'm', 'y', 'r', 'l', 'v', 's', 'h', 'ḷ' and 'ṃ', these are the consonants by name.
- letter (as opposed to spirit)
Declension
Declension table of "vyañjana" (neuter)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | vyañjanaṃ | vyañjanāni or vyañjanā |
| Accusative (second) | vyañjanaṃ | vyañjanāni |
| Instrumental (third) | vyañjanena | vyañjanehi or vyañjanebhi |
| Dative (fourth) | vyañjanassa or vyañjanāya or vyañjanatthaṃ | vyañjanānaṃ |
| Ablative (fifth) | vyañjanasmā or vyañjanamhā or vyañjanā | vyañjanehi or vyañjanebhi |
| Genitive (sixth) | vyañjanassa | vyañjanānaṃ |
| Locative (seventh) | vyañjanasmiṃ or vyañjanamhi or vyañjane | vyañjanesu |
| Vocative (calling) | vyañjana | vyañjanāni |
Descendants
- Burmese: ဗျည်း (byany:, “letter”)
- Khmer: ព្យញ្ជនៈ (pyŭəñcĕəʼnĕəʼ, “letter”)
- Northern Thai: ᨻ᩠ᨿᨬ᩠ᨩᨶ (“letter”)
- Thai: พยัญชนะ (pá-yan-chá-ná, “letter”)
References
Pali Text Society (1921–1925) “vyañjana”, in Pali-English Dictionary, London: Chipstead