Egyptian
Pronunciation
- (verb): (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈzaːwaɾ/ → /ˈsaːjaj/ → /ˈsaːʔə/ → /ˈsoːʔ/
Verb
3-lit.
- (transitive) to drink (something liquid: water, beer, wine, etc.)
- (intransitive) to drink in general (+ m: to drink of (a drink), to drink from (a container or hand); + ḥr: to drink of (a body of water))
- (intransitive) to drink alcoholic drinks
c. 1900 BCE,
The Instructions of Kagemni (
pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.8–1.9:
- jr swrj.k ḥnꜥ tḫw šzp.k jw jb.f ḥtp.w
- If you drink with a drunkard, you should partake when his heart is satisfied.
- (intransitive) to take liquid medicine
- (transitive) to drink (a container), to consume the liquid contained in
- (transitive, figuratively, of the dead) to have (thirst) instead of something to drink, to ‘drink’ (thirst)
- (intransitive, of trees and land) to be watered
Inflection
Conjugation of zwr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: zwr, geminated stem: zwrr
| infinitival forms
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imperative
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| infinitive
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negatival complement
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complementary infinitive1
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singular
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plural
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zwr
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zwrw, zwr
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zwrt
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zwr
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zwr
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| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
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| stative stem
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periphrastic imperfective2
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periphrastic prospective2
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zwr
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ḥr zwr
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m zwr
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r zwr
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| suffix conjugation
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| aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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contingent
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| aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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zwr.n
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zwrw, zwr
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consecutive
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zwr.jn
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| terminative
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zwrt
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| perfective3
|
zwr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
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obligative1
|
zwr.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
zwr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
zwr
|
zwrr
|
potentialis1
|
zwr.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
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| subjunctive
|
zwr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
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| verbal adjectives
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| aspect / mood
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relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
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participles
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| active
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passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
zwr.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
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—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
zwr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
zwr
|
zwr, zwrw5, zwry5
|
| imperfective
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zwr, zwry, zwrw5
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active + .tj1, .tw2
|
zwr, zwrj6, zwry6
|
zwr, zwrw5
|
| prospective
|
zwr, zwrtj7
|
—
|
zwrtj4, zwrt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of zwr from the Pyramid Texts
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| zwr
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zwr
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zwr
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zwr
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zwr
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zw
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zw
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zwj
|
| [Pyramid Texts]
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[Pyramid Texts]
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[Pyramid Texts]
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[Pyramid Texts]
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[Pyramid Texts]
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[Pyramid Texts]
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[Pyramid Texts]
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[Pyramid Texts]
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of zwr from later periods
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| zwr
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zwr
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zwr
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swrj
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zwrj
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swrj
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swrj
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zwr
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zwr
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zwr
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| [Middle Kingdom]
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[Middle Kingdom]
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[Middle Kingdom]
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[Middle Kingdom]
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[since the Middle Kingdom]
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[since the Middle Kingdom]
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[18th Dynasty]
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in hieratic
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abbreviation
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abbreviation
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abbreviation
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By the Middle Kingdom, the r in this word is often supplemented or replaced by j, reflecting the phonetic weakening or loss of r at the end of a syllable.
Derived terms
Descendants
- Demotic: swr
- Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩ (sou)
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲱ (sō)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲱ (sō)
- Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲱ (sō), ⲥⲟⲩ (sou)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲱ (sō), ⲥⲟⲩ (sou)
Noun
m
- drinking bowl [Pyramid Texts and 19th Dynasty]
- drink, beverage
Inflection
Declension of zwr (masculine)
| singular
|
zwr
|
| dual
|
zwrwj
|
| plural
|
zwrw
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of zwr
Descendants
The following words have sometimes been proposed as descendants, but the probable loss of final r in this word by the time of the Middle Kingdom makes such derivations questionable:
- >? Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲣ (sir)
- →? Hebrew: סִיר
References
- “zwr (lemma ID 130360)” and “zwr (lemma ID 130370)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1929) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[2], volume 3, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 428.5–429.2
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 217
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 171.
- Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 146