каль

Ket

Alternative forms

  • кал (kàl) (depalatized, rare variant)

Etymology

From earlier kal,[1] from Proto-Yeniseian *kaɬ-Vŋʷ (“war”), ultimately derived from Proto-Yeniseian *-kaɬ (“to war, to fight”). Cognate with Yug каʼар (kaˤːr), Kott hali, Arin kel (“army”) and Pumpokol karɨ.

Noun

каль (kàl, kàlʲ) n (rare plural кал (kàl))

  1. (politics, sociology) war, conflict; fight
    Каль ӄарьига дэʼӈ сьел долин. (Kellog dialect)
    Kàlʲ qarʲiɣa dɛˀŋ sʲēl dɔlin.
    People weren't well after the war.
    Ат кальйэсаӈ бәнь пӄоʼй. (Kellog dialect)
    Āt kalʲ-jɛsaŋ bə̄nʲ pqɔˀj.
    I don't want to go to the war.
    Ап хыʼпь даӷоягин кальга. (Sulomay dialect)
    Āp hɨˀpʲ daʁɔjaɣin kalʲga.
    My son was killed in the war.

Derived terms

  • калей (kalʲɛ́j, “killing, murder”)
  • кальбаʼӈ (kalʲbaˀŋ, “warfront, battlefield”)
  • кальгет (kalʲkɛt, “warrior, soldier”)
  • калюп (kalup, kalʲup, “pliers”)

Action nominal

каль (kàl, kàlʲ) (conjugation I & II)

  1. (used with transitive and intransitive, inchoative, iterative) to fight, fighting; to make war, warring
    Калькеʼт ат датуӈ. (Kellog dialect)
    Kàl-kɛˀt āt datuŋ.
    I see a veteran.
    (literally, “I see a warred-man”)
    Аксьдиӈт бикдэʼӈ каляӈгоӷон? ("Песнь о моём брате", ПМБ:251)
    Aksʲdiŋt bīk-dɛˀŋ kalʲaŋgɔʁɔn? (kalʲ-[k]-a(ŋ)-gɔ-qɔn)
    Why did the foreigners started fighting?

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [kal˥˩], [kalʲ˥˩][2]

References

  1. ^ Werner, Heinrich (2005) “kal (Ad)”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 47
  2. ^ Georg, Stefan (2007) A Descriptive Grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak) Part 1: Introduction, Phonology, Morphology, Cromwell: Global Oriental, →ISBN, page 68
  • Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) “PY *ɬ (Table 2.3:4.3)”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 257
  • Kotorova, Elizaveta, Nefedov, Andrey (2015) “kàl (1, n. kàl; 2, anom)”, in Большой словарь кетского языка, Münich: LINCOM, →ISBN
  • Kotorova, Elizaveta, Nefedov, Andrey (2015) “kàl⁷-a⁴-[l²]-bed~ked⁰”, in Большой словарь кетского языка, Münich: LINCOM, →ISBN, page 551
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) “каль (с) (мн. нет)”, in Словарь кетско-русский и русско-кетский: Учебное пособие для учащихся начальной школы‎[2], 2 edition, Saint-Petersburg: Drofa, →ISBN, page 44
  • Vajda, Edward (2024) “*kaɬ-Vŋʷ (Table 18:27.1)”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[3], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 421
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) “⁴kal'”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 406
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005) “war (to make war), war”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 332
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