Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/-kaɬ

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *kâr₁e (“war”), *-kʰaʔəλə (“to wage war”) (per Werner 2002)
  • *kʰaˀʌλʌ (per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *xar₂ (per Cologne group 2023 & 2024?. Pattern: k.1-l.3?)

Verb

*-kaɬ (action nominal *kaɬ-Vŋʷ)

  1. (transitive, ditransitive, intransitive) to war, to fight

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Ket: калявет (kalʲ-a-bɛt, “to make war”)
    • Yug: каʼарэсаӈ (kaˤːr-ɛs-aŋ, “I am waging a war.”)
  • Proto-Ketic: *kaɬ-es (“Kales, Yeniseian god of war; one of many manifestations of the Yeniseian god Es”)
    • ⇒ Ket: кальэс (kalɛ́s, “damn!”, swear word)
  • Kottic:
    • Kott: hal-âk-ŋ (“I am fighting a war.”)
  • Arinic:
    • ⇒ Arin: kel-ba-xa-l'a (“I am fighting a war.”)
  • ⇒ Proto-Yeniseian: *kaɬVŋʷ (“war, quarrel”) (action nominal)
    • Ketic:
      • Ket: каль (kàl, kàlʲ) (noun and action nominal)
      • Yug: каʼар (kaˤːr, “warring”) (action nominal)
        • → Pumpokol: karɨ (“war”) (noun)
    • Kottic:
      • Kott: hali (“war”) (noun and action nominal)
        • ⇒ Kott: halihit (“soldier, footman”)
    • Arinic:
      • Arin: kel (“army”) (noun)
      • >? Jie: 秀支 (*sjuwH.tsye /⁠*śu-ke⁠/, “army”)[1][2]

References

  1. ^ Vovin, Alexander, Vajda, Edward, de la Vaissière, Étienne (2016) “Who Were the *Kjet (羯) and What Language Did They Speak?”, in Journal Asiatique‎[1], volume 304, number 1, →DOI, page 137
  2. ^ Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon (2025) “Linguistic Evidence Suggests That Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language”, in Transactions of the Philological Society‎[2], volume 0, →DOI, page 13 of 1-24

Further reading

  • Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Hill, Eugen (2023) “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part I: Word-Initial Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[3], number 5, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 55 of 39-82
  • Hill, Eugen, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Svenja, Bonmann (2024) “Coda-l.3”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[4], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 279 of 216-293
  • Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) “PY *ɬ (Table 2.3:4.3)”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 257
  • Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “*Kʰaλes”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 461
  • Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “*kʰaˀʌλʌ”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, pages 461-2
  • Vajda, Edward (2024) “*kaɬ-Vŋʷ (Table 18:27.1)”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[6], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 421
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) “⁴kal'”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 406
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