Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/kaɬVŋʷ

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *kâr₁e (“war”) (per Werner 2002)

Etymology

From *-kaɬ (“to war, to fight”) +‎ *-Vŋʷ (action nominal suffix).

Action nominal

*kaɬVŋʷ

  1. (politics, sociology) war, fight

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Ket: каль (kàl, kàlʲ) (noun and action nominal)
    • Yug: каʼар (kaˤːr, “warring”) (action nominal)
      • → Pumpokol: karɨ (“war”) (noun)
  • Kottic:
    • Kott: hali (“war”) (noun and action nominal)
      • ⇒ Kott: halihit (“soldier, footman”)
  • Arinic:
    • Arin: kel (“army”) (noun)
    • >? Jie: 秀支 (*sjuwH.tsye /⁠*śu-ke⁠/, “army”)[1][2]

References

  1. ^ Vovin, Alexander, Vajda, Edward, de la Vaissière, Étienne (2016) “Who Were the *Kjet (羯) and What Language Did They Speak?”, in Journal Asiatique‎[1], volume 304, number 1, →DOI, page 137
  2. ^ Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon (2025) “Linguistic Evidence Suggests That Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language”, in Transactions of the Philological Society‎[2], volume 0, →DOI, page 13 of 1-24

Further reading

  • Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) “PY *ɬ (Table 2.3:4.3)”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 257
  • Vajda, Edward (2024) “*kaɬ-Vŋʷ (Table 18:27.1)”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[4], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 421
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) “⁴kal'”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 406
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