رقیب
See also: رقيب
Persian
Etymology
Borrowed from Arabic رَقِيب (raqīb), from رَقَبَ (raqaba). The semantic shift is already found in medieval poetry: "guardian of the beloved [who prevents the lover from seeing her]" > "rival in love" > "rival, competitor [in general]."
Pronunciation
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): /ɾa.ˈqiːb/
- (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [rä.qíːb]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [ɹæ.ʁíːb̥]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [ɾä.qíb]
| Readings | |
|---|---|
| Classical reading? | raqīb |
| Dari reading? | raqīb |
| Iranian reading? | raġib |
| Tajik reading? | raqib |
Noun
رقیب • (raqib) (plural رقیبان, or رقیبها, or رقبا (roqabâ))
- rival, competitor, adversary, antagonist
- c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 98:
- بر رقیبان افکنی هر دم نظر حیف و دریغ
اینچنین ضایع چه میسازی نگاه خویش را- bar raqībān afkanī har dam nazar hayf u dirēġ
īnčunīn zāyi' či mēsāzī nigāh-i xwēš rā - Every moment, you cast looks at [my] rivals [in love]: such a pity, alas!
Why do you waste your glances in such a way?
- bar raqībān afkanī har dam nazar hayf u dirēġ
- (archaic, original sense) guardian, keeper
- Synonym: نگهبان (negahbân)
Descendants
- → Azerbaijani: rəqib
- → Georgian: რაყიფი (raq̇ipi)
- → Hindustani:
- → Ottoman Turkish: رقیب (rakib)
- Turkish: rakip
Further reading
- Vullers, Johann August (1856–1864) “رقیب”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum[1] (in Latin), volume II, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 48
Urdu
Etymology
Etymology tree
Borrowed from Classical Persian رَقِیب (raqīb), borrowed from Arabic رَقِيب (raqīb), from رَقَبَ (raqaba).[1][2] First attested in c. 1564 as Middle Hindi رقیب (rqyb /raqīb/).[3]
Pronunciation
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /ɾə.qiːb/
- Rhymes: -iːb
- Syllabification: رَ‧قِیب
Noun
رَقِیب • (raqīb) m (Hindi spelling रक़ीब)
- rival; competitor (especially in love; enemy)
- (dated) one who watches over (guardian, guard; watchman, waiter of something)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | رَقِیب (raqīb) | رَقِیب (raqīb) |
| oblique | رَقِیب (raqīb) | رَقِیبوں (raqībõ) |
| vocative | رَقِیب (raqīb) | رَقِیبو (raqībo) |
References
- ^ Platts, John T. (1884) “رقيب”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co., page 596
- ^ S. W. Fallon (1879) “رقیب”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co.
- ^ “رقیب”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
Further reading
- “رقیب”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
- Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “رقيب”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co., page 335
- John Shakespear (1834) “رقیب”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC