कुशल
Hindi
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुशल (kúśala).
Pronunciation
- (Delhi) IPA(key): /kʊ.ʃəl/, [kʊ.ʃɐl]
Adjective
कुशल • (kuśal) (indeclinable)
- skilled, experienced
- prosperous; healthy, well; good
- Synonym: ख़ुशहाल (xuśhāl)
- मैं अमेरिका आके कुशल बन गया हूँ।
- ma͠i amerikā āke kuśal ban gayā hū̃.
- I have come to America and prospered.
Noun
कुशल • (kuśal) m or f
- (good) health; well-being
- fortune, luck
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | कुशल kuśal |
कुशल, कुशलें kuśal, kuśalẽ |
| oblique | कुशल kuśal |
कुशलों kuśalõ |
| vocative | कुशल kuśal |
कुशलो kuśalo |
References
- McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “कुशल”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press, page 208
Nepali
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit kúśala.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [kusʌl]
- Phonetic Devanagari: कुसल्
Adjective
कुशल • (kuśal)
Proper noun
कुशल • (kuśal) m
- a male given name, Kushal, from Sanskrit
Declension
| Declension of कुशल | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | |||
| nominative | कुशल [kusʌl] | ||
| accusative | कुशललाई [kusʌlläi] | ||
| instrumental/ergative | कुशलले [kusʌlle] | ||
| dative | कुशललाई [kusʌlläi] | ||
| ablative | कुशलबाट [kusʌlloʈʌ] | ||
| genitive | कुशलको [kusʌlko] | ||
| locative | कुशलमा [kusʌlmä] | ||
Notes:
| |||
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- কুশল (Assamese script)
- ᬓᬸᬰᬮ (Balinese script)
- কুশল (Bengali script)
- 𑰎𑰲𑰫𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀓𑀼𑀰𑀮 (Brahmi script)
- ကုၐလ (Burmese script)
- કુશલ (Gujarati script)
- ਕੁਸ਼ਲ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌕𑍁𑌶𑌲 (Grantha script)
- ꦏꦸꦯꦭ (Javanese script)
- 𑂍𑂳𑂬𑂪 (Kaithi script)
- ಕುಶಲ (Kannada script)
- កុឝល (Khmer script)
- ກຸຨລ (Lao script)
- കുശല (Malayalam script)
- ᡬᡠᡧᠠᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘎𑘳𑘫𑘩 (Modi script)
- ᢉᠤᠱᠠᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦮𑧔𑧋𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐎𑐸𑐱𑐮 (Newa script)
- କୁଶଲ (Odia script)
- ꢒꢸꢯꢭ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆑𑆶𑆯𑆬 (Sharada script)
- 𑖎𑖲𑖫𑖩 (Siddham script)
- කුශල (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩜𑩒𑩿𑩽 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚊𑚰𑚧𑚥 (Takri script)
- குஶல (Tamil script)
- కుశల (Telugu script)
- กุศล (Thai script)
- ཀུ་ཤ་ལ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒏𑒳𑒬𑒪 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨋𑨃𑨮𑨬 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
Uncertain. Traditionally derived, per Tedesco, from a metathesis of a hypothetical form *सुकळ (*sukaḷa), a dissimilation of सुकृत (sukṛta, “virtue, favor; well-formed”) (itself from सु- (su-, “well-, eu-”) + कृत (kṛta, “done, made”)), with shift of *स् (*s) > श् (ś) via influence from Magadhi dialects.[1][2]
However, as Mayrhofer later notes, this is very phonetically bold to the point where he dubs the theory "sound acrobatics". Instead, he tentatively supports a different theory by Wust, which invokes a phrase from the Gṛhyasūtras, कुशली-कर् (kuśalī-kar, “to shear”, literally “to make (trim) like the plant Oxalis corniculata”), as a starting point for the word. The act of shearing hair is ritually performed twice for a Brahmin boy, and is thus a marker of welfare and virtue. The word कुशल (kuśala) is thus abstracted from the phrase, ultimately deriving from कुश (kuśá, “sacred grass”).[3]
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /kú.ɕɐ.lɐ/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ku.ɕɐ.l̪ɐ/
Adjective
कुशल • (kúśala) stem
- right, proper, suitable, good
- well, healthy, in good condition, prosperous
- fit for, competent, able, skilful, clever, conversant with
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | कुशलः (kúśalaḥ) | कुशलौ (kúśalau) कुशला¹ (kúśalā¹) |
कुशलाः (kúśalāḥ) कुशलासः¹ (kúśalāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | कुशलम् (kúśalam) | कुशलौ (kúśalau) कुशला¹ (kúśalā¹) |
कुशलान् (kúśalān) |
| instrumental | कुशलेन (kúśalena) | कुशलाभ्याम् (kúśalābhyām) | कुशलैः (kúśalaiḥ) कुशलेभिः¹ (kúśalebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | कुशलाय (kúśalāya) | कुशलाभ्याम् (kúśalābhyām) | कुशलेभ्यः (kúśalebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | कुशलात् (kúśalāt) | कुशलाभ्याम् (kúśalābhyām) | कुशलेभ्यः (kúśalebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | कुशलस्य (kúśalasya) | कुशलयोः (kúśalayoḥ) | कुशलानाम् (kúśalānām) |
| locative | कुशले (kúśale) | कुशलयोः (kúśalayoḥ) | कुशलेषु (kúśaleṣu) |
| vocative | कुशल (kúśala) | कुशलौ (kúśalau) कुशला¹ (kúśalā¹) |
कुशलाः (kúśalāḥ) कुशलासः¹ (kúśalāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | कुशला (kúśalā) | कुशले (kúśale) | कुशलाः (kúśalāḥ) |
| accusative | कुशलाम् (kúśalām) | कुशले (kúśale) | कुशलाः (kúśalāḥ) |
| instrumental | कुशलया (kúśalayā) कुशला¹ (kúśalā¹) |
कुशलाभ्याम् (kúśalābhyām) | कुशलाभिः (kúśalābhiḥ) |
| dative | कुशलायै (kúśalāyai) | कुशलाभ्याम् (kúśalābhyām) | कुशलाभ्यः (kúśalābhyaḥ) |
| ablative | कुशलायाः (kúśalāyāḥ) कुशलायै² (kúśalāyai²) |
कुशलाभ्याम् (kúśalābhyām) | कुशलाभ्यः (kúśalābhyaḥ) |
| genitive | कुशलायाः (kúśalāyāḥ) कुशलायै² (kúśalāyai²) |
कुशलयोः (kúśalayoḥ) | कुशलानाम् (kúśalānām) |
| locative | कुशलायाम् (kúśalāyām) | कुशलयोः (kúśalayoḥ) | कुशलासु (kúśalāsu) |
| vocative | कुशले (kúśale) | कुशले (kúśale) | कुशलाः (kúśalāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | कुशलम् (kúśalam) | कुशले (kúśale) | कुशलानि (kúśalāni) कुशला¹ (kúśalā¹) |
| accusative | कुशलम् (kúśalam) | कुशले (kúśale) | कुशलानि (kúśalāni) कुशला¹ (kúśalā¹) |
| instrumental | कुशलेन (kúśalena) | कुशलाभ्याम् (kúśalābhyām) | कुशलैः (kúśalaiḥ) कुशलेभिः¹ (kúśalebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | कुशलाय (kúśalāya) | कुशलाभ्याम् (kúśalābhyām) | कुशलेभ्यः (kúśalebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | कुशलात् (kúśalāt) | कुशलाभ्याम् (kúśalābhyām) | कुशलेभ्यः (kúśalebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | कुशलस्य (kúśalasya) | कुशलयोः (kúśalayoḥ) | कुशलानाम् (kúśalānām) |
| locative | कुशले (kúśale) | कुशलयोः (kúśalayoḥ) | कुशलेषु (kúśaleṣu) |
| vocative | कुशल (kúśala) | कुशले (kúśale) | कुशलानि (kúśalāni) कुशला¹ (kúśalā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Derived terms
Descendants
- Gandhari: 𐨐𐨂𐨭𐨫 (kuśala)
- → Hindi: कुशल (kuśal) (learned)
- → Indonesian: kusala (learned)
- → Nepali: कुशल (kuśal) (learned)
- Pali: kusala
- Prakrit: 𑀓𑀼𑀲𑀮 (kusala)
- Hindi: कुसल (kusal)
- → Tocharian B: kuśal (learned)
Noun
कुशल • (kúśala) stem, n
- welfare, well-being, prosperous condition, happiness
- benevolence
- virtue
- cleverness, competence, ability
- religious merit
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | कुशलम् (kúśalam) | कुशले (kúśale) | कुशलानि (kúśalāni) कुशला¹ (kúśalā¹) |
| accusative | कुशलम् (kúśalam) | कुशले (kúśale) | कुशलानि (kúśalāni) कुशला¹ (kúśalā¹) |
| instrumental | कुशलेन (kúśalena) | कुशलाभ्याम् (kúśalābhyām) | कुशलैः (kúśalaiḥ) कुशलेभिः¹ (kúśalebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | कुशलाय (kúśalāya) | कुशलाभ्याम् (kúśalābhyām) | कुशलेभ्यः (kúśalebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | कुशलात् (kúśalāt) | कुशलाभ्याम् (kúśalābhyām) | कुशलेभ्यः (kúśalebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | कुशलस्य (kúśalasya) | कुशलयोः (kúśalayoḥ) | कुशलानाम् (kúśalānām) |
| locative | कुशले (kúśale) | कुशलयोः (kúśalayoḥ) | कुशलेषु (kúśaleṣu) |
| vocative | कुशल (kúśala) | कुशले (kúśale) | कुशलानि (kúśalāni) कुशला¹ (kúśalā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
References
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) “kúśalaḥ”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary][1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 244f
- ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kúśala”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “kúśala-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 379
Further reading
- Monier Williams (1899) “कुशल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 297, column 2.