चतुर
Hindi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit चतुर (catura).
Pronunciation
- (Delhi) IPA(key): /t͡ʃə.t̪ʊɾ/, [t͡ʃɐ.t̪ʊɾ]
Adjective
चतुर • (catur) (indeclinable)
- smart
- shrewd, intelligent
- clever, astute, sensible
- ingenious, skilled, capable
- dexterous, nimble
- clear-sighted
Derived terms
- चतुराई (caturāī)
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- চতুৰ (Assamese script)
- ᬘᬢᬸᬭ (Balinese script)
- চতুর (Bengali script)
- 𑰓𑰝𑰲𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀘𑀢𑀼𑀭 (Brahmi script)
- စတုရ (Burmese script)
- ચતુર (Gujarati script)
- ਚਤੁਰ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌚𑌤𑍁𑌰 (Grantha script)
- ꦕꦠꦸꦫ (Javanese script)
- 𑂒𑂞𑂳𑂩 (Kaithi script)
- ಚತುರ (Kannada script)
- ចតុរ (Khmer script)
- ຈຕຸຣ (Lao script)
- ചതുര (Malayalam script)
- ᢜᠠᢠᡠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘓𑘝𑘳𑘨 (Modi script)
- ᢋᠠᢐᠤᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦳𑦽𑧔𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐔𑐟𑐸𑐬 (Newa script)
- ଚତୁର (Odia script)
- ꢗꢡꢸꢬ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆖𑆠𑆶𑆫 (Sharada script)
- 𑖓𑖝𑖲𑖨 (Siddham script)
- චතුර (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩡𑩫𑩒𑩼 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚏𑚙𑚰𑚤 (Takri script)
- சதுர (Tamil script)
- చతుర (Telugu script)
- จตุร (Thai script)
- ཙ་ཏུ་ར (Tibetan script)
- 𑒔𑒞𑒳𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨣𑨙𑨃𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
Of unclear origin.
Traditionally derived from चतुर् (catur, “four”), with an interpretation of "having the four"; the four in question are folk-etymologically interpreted as the Vedas.[1]
An alternative theory considers the word a Dravidian borrowing; compare Tamil சதுர் (catur, “ability, skill, dexterity”) and Telugu చదువు (caduvu, “to read, study”).[2] In light of the exact phonetic and semantic match as well as the word's lack of attestation in Vedic, this derivation is quite likely. However, it is also possible that the Dravidian terms are borrowed from Indo-Aryan rather than the other way around.[3]
The relation to words like चटुल (caṭula, “trembling, unsteady, fine”), चटु (caṭu, “kind or flattering words”), and चाटु (cāṭu, “pleasing words, flattery”) is unclear and uncertain.[1][3]
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /t͡ɕɐ.tu.ɾɐ/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /t͡ɕɐ.t̪u.ɾɐ/
Adjective
चतुर • (catura)
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | चतुरः (caturaḥ) | चतुरौ (caturau) चतुरा¹ (caturā¹) |
चतुराः (caturāḥ) चतुरासः¹ (caturāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | चतुरम् (caturam) | चतुरौ (caturau) चतुरा¹ (caturā¹) |
चतुरान् (caturān) |
| instrumental | चतुरेण (catureṇa) | चतुराभ्याम् (caturābhyām) | चतुरैः (caturaiḥ) चतुरेभिः¹ (caturebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | चतुराय (caturāya) | चतुराभ्याम् (caturābhyām) | चतुरेभ्यः (caturebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | चतुरात् (caturāt) | चतुराभ्याम् (caturābhyām) | चतुरेभ्यः (caturebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | चतुरस्य (caturasya) | चतुरयोः (caturayoḥ) | चतुराणाम् (caturāṇām) |
| locative | चतुरे (cature) | चतुरयोः (caturayoḥ) | चतुरेषु (catureṣu) |
| vocative | चतुर (catura) | चतुरौ (caturau) चतुरा¹ (caturā¹) |
चतुराः (caturāḥ) चतुरासः¹ (caturāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | चतुरा (caturā) | चतुरे (cature) | चतुराः (caturāḥ) |
| accusative | चतुराम् (caturām) | चतुरे (cature) | चतुराः (caturāḥ) |
| instrumental | चतुरया (caturayā) चतुरा¹ (caturā¹) |
चतुराभ्याम् (caturābhyām) | चतुराभिः (caturābhiḥ) |
| dative | चतुरायै (caturāyai) | चतुराभ्याम् (caturābhyām) | चतुराभ्यः (caturābhyaḥ) |
| ablative | चतुरायाः (caturāyāḥ) चतुरायै² (caturāyai²) |
चतुराभ्याम् (caturābhyām) | चतुराभ्यः (caturābhyaḥ) |
| genitive | चतुरायाः (caturāyāḥ) चतुरायै² (caturāyai²) |
चतुरयोः (caturayoḥ) | चतुराणाम् (caturāṇām) |
| locative | चतुरायाम् (caturāyām) | चतुरयोः (caturayoḥ) | चतुरासु (caturāsu) |
| vocative | चतुरे (cature) | चतुरे (cature) | चतुराः (caturāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | चतुरम् (caturam) | चतुरे (cature) | चतुराणि (caturāṇi) चतुरा¹ (caturā¹) |
| accusative | चतुरम् (caturam) | चतुरे (cature) | चतुराणि (caturāṇi) चतुरा¹ (caturā¹) |
| instrumental | चतुरेण (catureṇa) | चतुराभ्याम् (caturābhyām) | चतुरैः (caturaiḥ) चतुरेभिः¹ (caturebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | चतुराय (caturāya) | चतुराभ्याम् (caturābhyām) | चतुरेभ्यः (caturebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | चतुरात् (caturāt) | चतुराभ्याम् (caturābhyām) | चतुरेभ्यः (caturebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | चतुरस्य (caturasya) | चतुरयोः (caturayoḥ) | चतुराणाम् (caturāṇām) |
| locative | चतुरे (cature) | चतुरयोः (caturayoḥ) | चतुरेषु (catureṣu) |
| vocative | चतुर (catura) | चतुरे (cature) | चतुराणि (caturāṇi) चतुरा¹ (caturā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Noun
चतुर • (catura) stem, m
- a round pillow
- Labeo rohita, a fish of the carp family Cyprinidae, found in the Ganges river
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | चतुरः (caturaḥ) | चतुरौ (caturau) चतुरा¹ (caturā¹) |
चतुराः (caturāḥ) चतुरासः¹ (caturāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | चतुरम् (caturam) | चतुरौ (caturau) चतुरा¹ (caturā¹) |
चतुरान् (caturān) |
| instrumental | चतुरेण (catureṇa) | चतुराभ्याम् (caturābhyām) | चतुरैः (caturaiḥ) चतुरेभिः¹ (caturebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | चतुराय (caturāya) | चतुराभ्याम् (caturābhyām) | चतुरेभ्यः (caturebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | चतुरात् (caturāt) | चतुराभ्याम् (caturābhyām) | चतुरेभ्यः (caturebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | चतुरस्य (caturasya) | चतुरयोः (caturayoḥ) | चतुराणाम् (caturāṇām) |
| locative | चतुरे (cature) | चतुरयोः (caturayoḥ) | चतुरेषु (catureṣu) |
| vocative | चतुर (catura) | चतुरौ (caturau) चतुरा¹ (caturā¹) |
चतुराः (caturāḥ) चतुरासः¹ (caturāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Noun
चतुर • (catura) stem, n
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | चतुरम् (caturam) | चतुरे (cature) | चतुराणि (caturāṇi) चतुरा¹ (caturā¹) |
| accusative | चतुरम् (caturam) | चतुरे (cature) | चतुराणि (caturāṇi) चतुरा¹ (caturā¹) |
| instrumental | चतुरेण (catureṇa) | चतुराभ्याम् (caturābhyām) | चतुरैः (caturaiḥ) चतुरेभिः¹ (caturebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | चतुराय (caturāya) | चतुराभ्याम् (caturābhyām) | चतुरेभ्यः (caturebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | चतुरात् (caturāt) | चतुराभ्याम् (caturābhyām) | चतुरेभ्यः (caturebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | चतुरस्य (caturasya) | चतुरयोः (caturayoḥ) | चतुराणाम् (caturāṇām) |
| locative | चतुरे (cature) | चतुरयोः (caturayoḥ) | चतुरेषु (catureṣu) |
| vocative | चतुर (catura) | चतुरे (cature) | चतुराणि (caturāṇi) चतुरा¹ (caturā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Derived terms
- चातुर्य (cāturya)
Descendants
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “चतुर”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 386/1.
- [3] Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 178
- ^ Burrow, T., Emeneau, M. B. (1984) “catur”, in A Dravidian etymological dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 205.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary][2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 370-1